問題一覧
1
Few microorganisms are capable of penetrating intact ___, but many can enter sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles and establish themselves there.
skin
2
By virtue of their acid pH and certain chemicals especially fatty acids – have antimicrobial properties that tend to eliminate pathogenic organisms.
sweat and sebaceous secretions
3
An enzyme that dissolves some bacterial cell walls, is present on the skin and can help provide protection against some microorganisms
lysozymes
4
It is present in tears and in respiratory and cervical secretions.
lysozymes
5
The skin produces a variety of antimicrobial agents including a protein with antibacterial properties known as
psoriasin
6
Found lining the different tracts of the body like the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
mucous membranes
7
Mucous membranes secrete ___, a sticky material that traps any foreign organisms entering the body.
mucus
8
They are equipped with a constant normal flora that itself opposes establishment of pathogenic microorganisms (bacterial interference)
mucous membranes
9
Presence of the mucociliary apparatus, the pulmonary macrophages, the hair in the nares and the cough reflex, all prevents aspiration of invading microorganisms.
respiratory tract
10
Several systems function to inactivate bacteria like saliva that contains numerous hydrolytic enzymes, the acidity of the stomach that kills many ingested bacteria and the small intestine that contains many proteolytic enzymes and active macrophages
gastrointestinal tract
11
Prevents aspiration of invading organisms
mucociliary apparatus, pulmonary macrophages, hair in the nares, and cough reflex
12
contains numerous hydrolytic enzymes
saliva
13
its acidity kills many ingested bacteria
stomach
14
contains many proteolytic enzymes and active macrophages
small intestine
15
These are soluble and membrane bound pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that “sense” the presence of invading microbes.
microbial sensors
16
Group of microbial sensors: a transmembrane proteins that recognized pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
Toll-like Receptors
17
Group of microbial sensors that serve as intracellular sensors for microbial products.
NOD-like Receptors
18
Group of microbial sensors that are cytoplasmic sensors of viral ssRNA.
RIG-1 like Helicases and MDA-5
19
Basically in-charge in engulfing unwanted pathogens – through the process of chemotaxis, migration, ingestion and killing.
phagocytic cells
20
Present in the blood, lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, lung and other tissues
phagocytes
21
They are leukocytes that contain densely staining granules in phagocytic cells
granulocytes
22
Component of phagocytic cells that includes the neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
granulocytes
23
Granulocytes called polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) that have a short half-life and are important phagocytic cells that destroy pathogens within intracellular vesicles.
neutrophils
24
Granulocytes that usually appear in the initial stage of an infection
neutrophils
25
Component of phagocytic cells that are small leukocytes (monocytes) that circulate in the blood and mature into ___
macrophages
26
Component of phagocytic cells that are critical cells that engulf and kills pathogens, process and present antigen, and regulate immune reactivity by producing cytokines and chemokines
macrophages
27
They usually appear in the latter stage of an infection.
macrophages
28
They are phagocytic cells that cause degradation of pathogens upon activation of the T-cells by acting as an antigen-presenting cell and by producing regulatory cytokines.
dendritic cells
29
A result of any injury to tissues or following the establishment and multiplication of microorganisms
inflammatory response
30
It is the protective local response to injury.
inflammatory response
31
In inflammatory response, activation of the ____ leads to the release of cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and other mediators like prostaglandin and leukotriene, causing pain and inflammation.
macrophages
32
It is a vascular reaction whose net result is the delivery of fluid, dissolved substances and cells from the circulating blood into the interstitial tissues in an area of injury.
inflammatory response
33
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Rubor
redness
34
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Calor
heat
35
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Tumor
swelling
36
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Dolor
pain
37
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Functio laesa
altered function
38
Its benefits include neutralization and elimination of the offending agent, demolition of necrotic tissue and establishment of conditions necessary for repair and restitution.
inflammation
39
Most common systemic manifestation of the inflammatory response and a cardinal symptom of infectious disease
fever
40
It is the protective systemic response to injury.
fever
41
A defense against disease, increases T-cell proliferation and antibody production and speeds up the body’s reactions which help the body tissues to repair themselves more quickly.
fever
42
These are proteins produced during viral infections
interferons
43
They help control viral replication by inhibiting protein synthesis in cells.
interferons
44
Interferons includes alpha interferon, beta-interferon and gamma-interferon produced by
T lymphocytes
45
Represent a distinct functional population of lymphocytes that play a role in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and have a role in the early phases of infection with certain viruses and some intracellular bacteria.
natural killer cells
46
They play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity.
natural killer cells
47
These are serum and membrane-bound proteins that function in both innate and adaptive immunity.
complement system
48
They are synthesized mainly by the liver and by phagocytic cells.
complement system
49
These proteins augment the effects of the other components of the immune system.
complement system
50
Its major biological effects are opsonization, chemotaxis, production of anaphylotoxins and cytolysis.
complement system
51
The adaptive immune response that is antibody-mediated
humoral immunity
52
The adaptive immune response that is cell-mediated
cellular immunity
53
An encounter with a microbial or viral agent usually elicits a complex variety of responses.
adaptive immunity
54
Highly specific, has immunologic memory and can respond rapidly and vigorously to a second antigen exposure.
adaptive immunity
55
Develop in the bone marrow in mammals and migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like spleen
B cells
56
Antibody-secreting plasma cells (APCs) that produce immunoglobulins.
B cells
57
Memory cells that present antigens to helper T-cells that responds rapidly during reinfection
B cells
58
Produced in the bone marrow but undergoes maturation in the thymus
T cells
59
Effector cells that contain the CD4 proteins and are responsible for stimulating the B-cells to produce antibodies, promote the development of delayed hypersensitivity and serve as a defense against intracellular agents.
Helper T-cells
60
Effector cells that contain CD8 proteins and are mainly responsible for the destruction of cells in tissue grafts, tumor cells and virus-infected cells
Cytotoxic T-cells
POCLEC M1: Overview of Organic Chemistry
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80問 • 4ヶ月前問題一覧
1
Few microorganisms are capable of penetrating intact ___, but many can enter sweat and sebaceous glands and hair follicles and establish themselves there.
skin
2
By virtue of their acid pH and certain chemicals especially fatty acids – have antimicrobial properties that tend to eliminate pathogenic organisms.
sweat and sebaceous secretions
3
An enzyme that dissolves some bacterial cell walls, is present on the skin and can help provide protection against some microorganisms
lysozymes
4
It is present in tears and in respiratory and cervical secretions.
lysozymes
5
The skin produces a variety of antimicrobial agents including a protein with antibacterial properties known as
psoriasin
6
Found lining the different tracts of the body like the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
mucous membranes
7
Mucous membranes secrete ___, a sticky material that traps any foreign organisms entering the body.
mucus
8
They are equipped with a constant normal flora that itself opposes establishment of pathogenic microorganisms (bacterial interference)
mucous membranes
9
Presence of the mucociliary apparatus, the pulmonary macrophages, the hair in the nares and the cough reflex, all prevents aspiration of invading microorganisms.
respiratory tract
10
Several systems function to inactivate bacteria like saliva that contains numerous hydrolytic enzymes, the acidity of the stomach that kills many ingested bacteria and the small intestine that contains many proteolytic enzymes and active macrophages
gastrointestinal tract
11
Prevents aspiration of invading organisms
mucociliary apparatus, pulmonary macrophages, hair in the nares, and cough reflex
12
contains numerous hydrolytic enzymes
saliva
13
its acidity kills many ingested bacteria
stomach
14
contains many proteolytic enzymes and active macrophages
small intestine
15
These are soluble and membrane bound pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that “sense” the presence of invading microbes.
microbial sensors
16
Group of microbial sensors: a transmembrane proteins that recognized pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
Toll-like Receptors
17
Group of microbial sensors that serve as intracellular sensors for microbial products.
NOD-like Receptors
18
Group of microbial sensors that are cytoplasmic sensors of viral ssRNA.
RIG-1 like Helicases and MDA-5
19
Basically in-charge in engulfing unwanted pathogens – through the process of chemotaxis, migration, ingestion and killing.
phagocytic cells
20
Present in the blood, lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen, lung and other tissues
phagocytes
21
They are leukocytes that contain densely staining granules in phagocytic cells
granulocytes
22
Component of phagocytic cells that includes the neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils
granulocytes
23
Granulocytes called polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) that have a short half-life and are important phagocytic cells that destroy pathogens within intracellular vesicles.
neutrophils
24
Granulocytes that usually appear in the initial stage of an infection
neutrophils
25
Component of phagocytic cells that are small leukocytes (monocytes) that circulate in the blood and mature into ___
macrophages
26
Component of phagocytic cells that are critical cells that engulf and kills pathogens, process and present antigen, and regulate immune reactivity by producing cytokines and chemokines
macrophages
27
They usually appear in the latter stage of an infection.
macrophages
28
They are phagocytic cells that cause degradation of pathogens upon activation of the T-cells by acting as an antigen-presenting cell and by producing regulatory cytokines.
dendritic cells
29
A result of any injury to tissues or following the establishment and multiplication of microorganisms
inflammatory response
30
It is the protective local response to injury.
inflammatory response
31
In inflammatory response, activation of the ____ leads to the release of cytokines like interleukin-1 (IL-1) and other mediators like prostaglandin and leukotriene, causing pain and inflammation.
macrophages
32
It is a vascular reaction whose net result is the delivery of fluid, dissolved substances and cells from the circulating blood into the interstitial tissues in an area of injury.
inflammatory response
33
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Rubor
redness
34
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Calor
heat
35
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Tumor
swelling
36
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Dolor
pain
37
Cardinal Signs of Inflammation: Functio laesa
altered function
38
Its benefits include neutralization and elimination of the offending agent, demolition of necrotic tissue and establishment of conditions necessary for repair and restitution.
inflammation
39
Most common systemic manifestation of the inflammatory response and a cardinal symptom of infectious disease
fever
40
It is the protective systemic response to injury.
fever
41
A defense against disease, increases T-cell proliferation and antibody production and speeds up the body’s reactions which help the body tissues to repair themselves more quickly.
fever
42
These are proteins produced during viral infections
interferons
43
They help control viral replication by inhibiting protein synthesis in cells.
interferons
44
Interferons includes alpha interferon, beta-interferon and gamma-interferon produced by
T lymphocytes
45
Represent a distinct functional population of lymphocytes that play a role in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and have a role in the early phases of infection with certain viruses and some intracellular bacteria.
natural killer cells
46
They play important roles in both innate and adaptive immunity.
natural killer cells
47
These are serum and membrane-bound proteins that function in both innate and adaptive immunity.
complement system
48
They are synthesized mainly by the liver and by phagocytic cells.
complement system
49
These proteins augment the effects of the other components of the immune system.
complement system
50
Its major biological effects are opsonization, chemotaxis, production of anaphylotoxins and cytolysis.
complement system
51
The adaptive immune response that is antibody-mediated
humoral immunity
52
The adaptive immune response that is cell-mediated
cellular immunity
53
An encounter with a microbial or viral agent usually elicits a complex variety of responses.
adaptive immunity
54
Highly specific, has immunologic memory and can respond rapidly and vigorously to a second antigen exposure.
adaptive immunity
55
Develop in the bone marrow in mammals and migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like spleen
B cells
56
Antibody-secreting plasma cells (APCs) that produce immunoglobulins.
B cells
57
Memory cells that present antigens to helper T-cells that responds rapidly during reinfection
B cells
58
Produced in the bone marrow but undergoes maturation in the thymus
T cells
59
Effector cells that contain the CD4 proteins and are responsible for stimulating the B-cells to produce antibodies, promote the development of delayed hypersensitivity and serve as a defense against intracellular agents.
Helper T-cells
60
Effector cells that contain CD8 proteins and are mainly responsible for the destruction of cells in tissue grafts, tumor cells and virus-infected cells
Cytotoxic T-cells