materials used in photosynthesis

Water is an essential reactant of photosynthesis.  Aquatic plants absorbed directly through cell wall and transported to chloroplast.  Terrestrial plants absorb water from soil by roots and transport it through xylem vessels to mesophyll layer of leaves where contain large amount of chlorophyll.  Plants take large amount of water from environment, but only 1% of this water used in photosynthesis and remains water lost through stoma.

is a series of reactions in which simple monomers are used and complex polymers are formed.

A. Plants do use water as source of hydrogen (H), H reduces NADP into NADPH.  Some photosynthesis bacteria don't use water as a source of hydrogen (H), but they use alcohol, organic acids or hydrogen sulphur (H2S). For example (Green sulphur bacteria): 2H2S + CO2 + Light/Chlorophyll -----> 2S +(CH2O) + H2O

 Plants absorb CO2 from atmosphere by stoma of leaves and use it in photosynthesis.  When CO2 concentration decrease in leaves the absorbed CO2 diffuse in spaces of mesophyll layer.  CO2 dissolve in water and pass easily through the cell wall and reach to chloroplast to be used in photosynthesis.

Because its pass easily through the cell wall and reach to chloroplast to be used in photosynthesis.

 Water is used in light reactions of photosynthesis and NADPH formed as a result.  NADPH is used by dark reactions for organic material synthesis.

Decreasing in water level causes:  Hydrogen atoms used in dark reactions decrease.  The decreasing of osmotic pressure in guard cells of stoma, then stoma closes.  Gaseous exchange decrease, therefore transmission of CO2 to the cells decrease.

A/ Because it affects the structure of chloroplast. B. Carbon dioxide (CO2)  Increasing in CO2 concentration causes increasing in photosynthesis level.

The concentration of CO2 in atmosphere is 0.03%, respiration of organisms and burning fossil products release CO2 to the atmosphere.

There are two kinds of plants, shadow plants and sun plants, each kind of plants can grow at a different level of light. So less or more light affects photosynthesis level adversely.

Photosynthesis level is high in red and blue wavelength because chlorophyll absorb most of light in these wavelength.

Because the dark reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, any increase in temperature up to approximately 40 °C accelerates the rate of photosynthesis, above this temperature the reactions slow as proteinaceous enzymes denature and it causes decreasing in photosynthesis level.

 Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) are minerals that dissolve in soil and insufficiency of these minerals chlorophyll and photosynthesis rates decreases.  Phosphate found in structure of Ribulose diphosphate and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).  Manganese (Mn) and Magnesium (Mg) are important for activation of enzymes that used in light and dark reactions.

 Soil ventilation helps root cells to absorb more oxygen.  Insufficiency of oxygen in soil cause root cells to lose their vitality.  Roots cannot absorb enough water and minerals and it affects the photosynthesis adversely.

 Viruses, bacteria or fungi infect the leaves of plants and decrease in rate of photosynthesis.

These pollutants can close the stoma on leaves of plants. Then enough carbon dioxide cannot be absorbed and rate of photosynthesis decrease.

 Thickness of cuticle layer on surface of leaves.  Number of stoma.  Structure of cells in mesophyll layer.  Number of chloroplasts and amount of chlorophyll they contain  Enzymes which used in photosynthesis and production of chlorophyll synthesis.

occurs in some kinds of bacteria, these bacteria get necessary energy from oxidizing the inorganic materials and converted into the organic materials without sun light.

Because they get necessary energy by oxidizing inorganic materials to produce food.

1.Occurs in photosynthetic eukaryotes (plants) and Green sulphur bacteria. 2.Sunlight or solar energy is essential. 3.Chloroplasts are found in plants. 4.Involves pigments to trap solar energy. 5.Radiant energy is fixed as chemical energy and stored in organic molecules like carbohydrates. 6.Oxygen is evolved during the process. 7.Photosynthesis is consists of Light and Dark reactions according to scientist Blackman.

1.Occurs in some kinds of bacteria (Nitrosomonas; Nitrobacter and Sulphur). 2.Sunlight or solar energy is not essential. 3.Chloroplasts are not involved. 4.Pigments are not necessary. 5.Chemical energy is released by the oxidation of inorganic molecules and is then stored in organic molecules. 6.Oxygen is not evolved during the process. 7.It's not involved these reactions.