All organisms primarily human need energy to survive; they get this energy from food they produces or from the surroundings.

is an anabolic reaction in which water, carbon dioxide and radiant energy used, glucose and oxygen are produced.

the main source of energy on earth.

these organisms which can produce their own food for instance Photosynthetic and Chemosynthetic organisms.

is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs in photosynthetic eukaryotes.

Water is an essential reactant of photosynthesis.  Aquatic plants absorbed directly through cell wall and transported to chloroplast.  Terrestrial plants absorb water from soil by roots and transport it through xylem vessels to mesophyll layer of leaves where contain large amount of chlorophyll.  Plants take large amount of water from environment, but only 1% of this water used in photosynthesis and remains water lost through stoma.

is a series of reactions in which simple monomers are used and complex polymers are formed.

these organisms which cannot produce their own food for instance animals, fungi.

 The organelle is surrounded by a double membrane.  Stroma: Inside the inner membrane is a complex mix of enzymes and water and is important as the site of the dark reactions.  Grana: is a complex network of stacked sacs and embedded in the stroma, each stack is called a Granum.  Thylakoid: is each of the flattened sacs which make up the granum, it has a series of photosystems contain chlorophyll.  Thylakoid membranes: are the site for the light reactions in which light energy is converted to chemical energy needed for the Calvin cycle in the dark reaction.

invertebrate, vertebrate, feeding method.

A. Plants do use water as source of hydrogen (H), H reduces NADP into NADPH.  Some photosynthesis bacteria don't use water as a source of hydrogen (H), but they use alcohol, organic acids or hydrogen sulphur (H2S). For example (Green sulphur bacteria): 2H2S + CO2 + Light/Chlorophyll -----> 2S +(CH2O) + H2O B- Carbon dioxide (CO2)  Plants absorb CO2 from atmosphere by stoma of leaves and use it in photosynthesis.  When CO2 concentration decrease in leaves the absorbed CO2 diffuse in spaces of mesophyll layer.  CO2 dissolve in water and pass easily through the cell wall and reach to chloroplast to be used in photosynthesis.

Inside the inner membrane is a complex mix of enzymes and water and is important as the site of the dark reactions.

autotrophs or heterotrophs.

is broken down of big molecules (Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) into their monomers to be used by organisms in production of energy and building new organic molecules. Digestion takes place in cell (Intracellular) or out of cell (Extracellular).

accumulated organic

 Stomach used in digestion and storage of food in most of vertebrates and some invertebrates.  Stomach consists of thick muscular wall in herbivores and carnivores.  There are gastric glands that secrete the pepsin enzyme and HCL acid.  Food is mixed with HCL in stomach and expose to the mechanical digestion by peristalsis (in arthropods and birds).  Pepsin enzyme involved in digestion of proteins.

is a complex network of stacked sacs and embedded in the stroma, each stack is called a Granum.

cilia

Because its pass easily through the cell wall and reach to chloroplast to be used in photosynthesis.

Intracellular digestion refers to broken down of big molecules (Carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) into their monomers takes place inside the cell. Occurs inside food vacuoles within the cell. Ingestion occurs through phagocytic vacuoles by lysosomes. Wastes are removed from the cytoplasm by exocytosis. Intracellular digestion. It can be observed in unicellular organisms like paramecium and sponges.

they can produce necessary organic materials by using sun light energy but they can take food from environment and feed heterotrophically.

1) It has differentiated parts that called the gastric glands that secrete the pepsin enzyme and HCL acid. 2) Food storage. 3) Destroy bacteria. 4) Digest the proteins.

Extracellular digestion refers to a form of digestion where the breakdown of materials into smaller components takes place outside the cell. Occurs outside the cell in the lumen of the digestive system, in a gastric cavity or other digestive organ, or completely outside the body. A process by secreting enzymes through the cell membrane into the food. The enzymes catalyze the digestion of the food into molecules small enough to be taken up by diffusion phagocytosis. The indigestible materials are excreted through the anus in extracellular digestion Extracellular digestion is a form of digestion found in annelids, crustaceans, arthropods, lichens and chordates, including vertebrates.

mucous in their mouth and send them to their digestive tract.

 Water is used in light reactions of photosynthesis and NADPH formed as a result.  NADPH is used by dark reactions for organic material synthesis.

is an autotrophic organism but it has heterotrophic types also.

is each of the flattened sacs which make up the granum, it has a series of photosystems contain chlorophyll.

A. Swallowing the food. B. Breaking down the food into monomers. C. Absorption of digested food. D. Excretion of wastes.

Because autotrophic types get food from environment in absence of light and if live in dark continuously lose its chloroplast and live as heterotrophic organism for rest of life.

 Intestines are long and bended in herbivores while shorter in carnivores.  Villi: - are finger like structure s (and microvilli on villi surface) in inner surface of intestine to increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.  Duodenum: - First part of small intestine it receives semi digested food through pyloric sphincter and the secretions from the liver and pancreas.  Chyme: - Food mass digestion complete in the duodenum.

Decreasing in water level causes:  Hydrogen atoms used in dark reactions decrease.  The decreasing of osmotic pressure in guard cells of stoma, then stoma closes.  Gaseous exchange decrease, therefore transmission of CO2 to the cells decrease.

These animals feed on deposits and live in deep sand of water.it has many feeding tentacles extended in different directions and covered with mucous. Tentacles capture the food and then send it to the mouth.

are the site for the light reactions in which light energy is converted to chemical energy needed for the Calvin cycle in the dark reaction.

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast. Depends on the sunlight. One electron separate from chlorophyll to transport along electron transport system and produce ATP. Water is split into O and H, H reduces NADP into NADPH. O; ATP and NADPH are produced. Radiant energy sun. Chemical bond energy

Because the stomach consists of thick muscular wall in herbivores and carnivores.

In this nutrition type cell membranes forms Pseudopodia and surround the food. Then these Pseudopods unite surround the food and a food vacuole is formed in cytoplasm. This vacuole fuses with lysosomes which contain digestive enzymes after completing the digestion, the digested food pass to the cytoplasm and wastes are removed by Exocytosis.

incomplete digestive tract., complete digestive tract

 Some kinds of hemi-chordate and some insects are examples for it.  Amphitrite: These animals feed on deposits and live in deep sand of water.  Amphitrite has many feeding tentacles extended in different directions and covered with mucous.  Tentacles capture the food and then send it to the mouth.

A/ Because it affects the structure of chloroplast. B. Carbon dioxide (CO2)  Increasing in CO2 concentration causes increasing in photosynthesis level.

Stomach has gastric glands that secrete the pepsin enzyme and HCL acid, and pepsin enzyme involved in digestion of proteins.

This system starts by mouth and end by anus. Earthworms have this system and feed on organic materials in soil. These animals absorb nutrients by muscular pharynx and wastes are removed through anus. Nutrients pass from pharynx to the crop where food is stored. Then food pass to the gizzard where food broken down by help of small stones in it. Extracellular digestion happens in digestive tract digested food absorbed

They get energy by convert organic materials of dead organisms into inorganic materials, as a result they have role in recycling of materials in nature by this way.

is a reduced coenzyme that plays a key role in the synthesis of carbohydrates in photosynthetic organisms.

The concentration of CO2 in atmosphere is 0.03%, respiration of organisms and burning fossil products release CO2 to the atmosphere.

extended in different directions and covered with mucous and founded in Amphitrite, Tentacles capture the food and then send it to the mouth.

In this type of nutrition digestive enzyme secreted out of cell, materials formed as result of extracellular digestion are transported to the cell cytoplasm.

A. There are cutting regions in mouth of invertebrates to increase surface area of food to accelerate the digestion. B. Insects have chitinous teeth, tongue and absorption tubes. They involved in detection, grinding and absorption of food particles. Nereis from invertebrates has muscular pharynx supported by chitinous teeth. Pharynx extend out of body capture the food and take into the body quickly. C. Some vertebrates catch their prey strongly by their front extremities and paralyze them by poison secretion.

There are two kinds of plants, shadow plants and sun plants, each kind of plants can grow at a different level of light. So less or more light affects photosynthesis level adversely.

to increase the surface area for digestion and absorption.

membranes and they have their own genetic material.

This kind of digestive system has only one opening called as mouth Planaria has this kind of digestive system. Planaria are tiny aquatic organisms and they feed on organic remains. Mouth is used for ingestion of food and excretion of wastes. Digestive system starts by mouth and muscular digestive tract and extend as branched gastrointestinal cavity. During ingestion digestive tract extends out of body to take food and extracellular digestion is performed in digestive tract.

Occurs in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, depends on the sunlight, when one electron separate from chlorophyll to transport along electron transport system and produce ATP. Water is split into O and H, H reduces NADP into NADPH, and O; ATP and NADPH are produced.

The gizzard is where food broken down by help of small stones in it, and it's found in earthworm and some birds.

Photosynthesis level is high in red and blue wavelength because chlorophyll absorb most of light in these wavelength.

irritation of the stomach and intestine caused by toxins.

is movement of water through a semipermeable membrane, water exchange takes place between cytoplasm and external medium.

A. Incisors: They used in biting and cutting. B. Canines: They used in partition, especially meat fibers. C. Premolar: They used in chewing and grinding. D. Molars: They used in chewing and grinding.

taking large solid particles which cannot pass through pores in plasma membrane into the cytoplasm.

Because the dark reactions are catalyzed by enzymes, any increase in temperature up to approximately 40 °C accelerates the rate of photosynthesis, above this temperature the reactions slow as proteinaceous enzymes denature and it causes decreasing in photosynthesis level.

Green plants transform this energy to chemical energy which is necessary for cell activities, plants use some of this energy for growth and life activities and remain energy stored in form organic materials as carbohydrates.

Mosquito is carrier of these parasites. It secretes a kind of substance on human body to prevent blood coagulation and absorb blood. Only female mosquito absorbs the blood. And parasites pass the human body in this way.

for defense and attack.

Length of small intestine depend on nutrition type, ex: length of small intestine in frog larvae which is herbivore longer than small intestine of adult frog which is carnivore.

A/ Herbivores have not canine teeth but have more developed molar teeth. Incisors in rodents grow continuously during their life span. But they corrode gradually to limit their size.

stored by photosynthesis before thousands of years.

 Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg) are minerals that dissolve in soil and insufficiency of these minerals chlorophyll and photosynthesis rates decreases.  Phosphate found in structure of Ribulose diphosphate and Adenosine triphosphate (ATP).  Manganese (Mn) and Magnesium (Mg) are important for activation of enzymes that used in light and dark reactions.

Cell Drinking.

It is a finger like small extension at the beginning of large intestine. It is site of cellulose digestion in herbivores. It causes dangerous medical problems in human when it is inflamed and can be removed by surgery.

1- Complete the digestion of food absorbs the nutrients. 2- Carbohydrates are digested into glucose, galactose or fructose and pass to the blood. 3- Proteins are digested into amino acids and pass to the blood. 4- Fatty acids and glycerol is passing to the lymphatic system.

A/ That used to break the cellulosic wall of plant cell. This process facilitates the digestion of cellulose by microorganisms that live in their digestive system.

1- Trypsin and chemotrypsin are involved in digestion of proteins. 2- Lipase digests lipids into fatty acids and glycerol. 3- Nuclease digests the nucleic acids. 4- Amylase digests the starch molecules.

is movement of digested food materials from high concentrated medium to low concentrated medium without using energy.

 Soil ventilation helps root cells to absorb more oxygen.  Insufficiency of oxygen in soil cause root cells to lose their vitality.  Roots cannot absorb enough water and minerals and it affects the photosynthesis adversely.

 Food transport by movement of muscles in wall of digestive tract and fimbrea (Villi).  Movement of food by fimbrea performs in animals which have pseudo-coelom.  In other animals food transport by contraction and relaxation of muscles in wall of digestive tract.

are molecules which can absorb light with distinct wave length and other light reflect or pass through it, chloroplasts may contain chlorophyll A and B, carotenoids, xanthophyll's and other pigments.

photosynthesis, photosynthesis

is taking of necessary materials from low concentrated medium to high concentrated medium by using energy (ATP).

 Viruses, bacteria or fungi infect the leaves of plants and decrease in rate of photosynthesis.

1- Detoxification of blood. 2- Stores the iron, vitamin A, B12, E and D. 3- Produces albumin and fibrinogen proteins. 4- Stores the excess amount of glucose as glycogen. 5- Convert ammonia to urea. 6- Produces bile from partition of old red blood cells. 7- Regulate the amount of cholesterol in blood.

Because they get organic food materials from plants or other animals, but these food particles are not so small to pass through plasma membrane so its need digestion.

These waves like movement (contraction and relaxation) of muscles in wall of digestive tract and it's contributed to transporting food.

These pollutants can close the stoma on leaves of plants. Then enough carbon dioxide cannot be absorbed and rate of photosynthesis decrease.

A. Food reception zone (mouth, mouth components and muscular pharynx). B. Transport and storage zone (Pharynx, esophagus). C. Digestion zone (stomach). D. Last digestion zone and absorption (intestinal zone). E. Water absorption zone (large intestinal).

Chlorophyll can absorb most of purple, blue and red wave length, and Chlorophyll reflect most of green wave length.

Frugivorus

the golden yellow color liquid is formed by partition of hemoglobin of old red blood cells and it involved in digestion of lipids in duodenum.

 Thickness of cuticle layer on surface of leaves.  Number of stoma.  Structure of cells in mesophyll layer.  Number of chloroplasts and amount of chlorophyll they contain  Enzymes which used in photosynthesis and production of chlorophyll synthesis.

 Large intestine absorbs water and defecate the undigested food in form of a solid mass.  Water absorption is important for terrestrial organisms like insects, birds and reptiles.  There are many bacteria in human large intestine which convert some organic materials into vitamin K and little amount of vitamin B.

are yellow colored and insoluble in lipids pigments and appear in autumn season.

 Food reception zone it is front part of digestive tract.  Digestion starts in this zone by secretion of Ptyalin enzyme which involved in digestion of complex carbohydrates like starch. This enzyme found in snail, some insects, mammals and human.  Ptyalin enzyme loses its function when reach the stomach with semi digested food.  Digestion of starch complete in small intestine.  The tongue is a distinctive feature of vertebrates that help chewing and swallowing of food.  Epiglottis closes the trachea during swallowing and food pass into esophagus then by peristaltic movement transports to the stomach.

(eating dead organic materials).

42 ، 1-2

because the large intestine is absorbs water from remains digested food.

occurs in some kinds of bacteria, these bacteria get necessary energy from oxidizing the inorganic materials and converted into the organic materials without sun light.

Ingested large food particles are broken down into their monomers and transported to the body cells by help of circulatory system, and pass through plasma membrane. Monomers like glucose are broken down by cellular respiration in cells, energy and heat release.

This enzyme found in mouth of snail, some insects, mammals and human, which involved in digestion of complex carbohydrates like starch, and its function lose when reach the stomach with semi digested food.

growth and for the repair of their damaged tissues from food.

Because they get necessary energy by oxidizing inorganic materials to produce food.

in these reactions monomers like glucose are broken down by cellular respiration in cells, energy and heat release.

is a distinctive feature of vertebrates that help chewing and swallowing of food.