Clinical Chem part 2

通報

問題一覧

Heat lamps are examples of

Infrared

Vein selectors are examples of

Infrared

Radiofrequency coil in ICP-MS uses what type of radiation?

Low frequency

The SDS is a major source of information about chemicals written by manufacturers and consists of how many sections?

The Exposure controls and personal protection is under what section of the SDS?

Butterfly needle length

0.5 - 0.75 inch

Order of draw for multiple collection using ETS

Blood culture, Coagulation tube, Serum tubes, Hepaein, EDTA, Oxalate/flouride

Order of draw for capillary puncture

Blood gas specimen, Slide/smears, EDTA, Other additive tubes, Serum tubes

Anticoagulant of choice for ABG spx

lyophilized or liquid heparin

Tolerates heating and sterilization for lengthy periods; subject to scratching and make cloud with strong alkali

borosilycate

Tolerates heating and sterilization for lengthy periods; subject to scratching and make cloud with strong alkali

Pyrex & Kimax

Better able to resist scratching and alkali attack

Corex

Better able to resist scratching and alkali attack

Aluminosilicate

Heat, chemical and electrical tolerance and excellent optical properties; used for high thermal drastic heat shock and extreme chemical treatment with acids and alkali

Vycor

Soda Lime glass; most inexpensive

Flint glass

Amber-colored glass; reduces light transmission

Low actinic glass

Common material for pippete tips; becomes discoloured in presence of solvents

Polypropylene

Used for centrifuge tubes and graduates cyclinder; resistant to shaterring

Polycarbonate

For storage of alkaline solution; used for disposable transfer pipets, test tubes, graduated tubes

Polyethylene

Characterised by etched rings/band around near the mouth

Blow-out

graduated down to tip

Serologic

Graduated between 2 marks

Mohr

Air displacement is a semi automatic micropipettor that uses suction to draw sample into a disposable ____ tip.

Polypropylene

Does not use disposable tips; tips need rinsing to prevent carry-over; constant aspiration force; for very viscous samples

Positive displacement

Calibration of pipetts

6 months

A calibration of weight of distilled water delivered is used for

Gravimetric method

Density of distilled water used for calibration of gravimetric method

1 mg/dL (20°C)

colored solution used for measuring the absorbance delivered for calibration in spectrophotometric method

either

Capable of higher speeds with much less heat build up

Fixed-angle

Horizontal or swinging bucket rpm

3000 rpm

Usually refrigerated to counter heat produced to due friction

Ultracentrifuge

Unit used in ultracentrifugation

Svedberg

Formula for converting rpm to RCF

1.118 x 10 ¯5 x r x rpm²

High degree of purity suitable for use in most analytical procedures

Analytical reagent Grade/(ACS)

For specific procedures such as chromatography, AAS, immunoassays, molecular diagnostics and standardization techniques

Ultra pure grades

Not acceptable for research and laboratory techniques unless further purification is carried out or reagent blank is included during analysis

Chemically pure grades

Primarily used to manufacture drugs and purity standards may not meet assay requirements

United States Pharmacopeia/National Formulary grade

Should not be used in the clinical laboratory

Technical or commercial grade

ACS Primary Standard purity tolerance value

100 + 0.02%, 100 - 0.02%

Reagent water type recommended for standard preparation

Type 1

Maximum colony count (CFU/ml) of Type 2 reagent water

<1000

pH of Type 1 reagent water

Not specified

Silicate (mg/L SiO2) of Type 1; Type 2; Type 3 reagent water

0.05, 0.10, 1

In Beer-Lambert's Law: The concentration of a substance is ____ to the amount of light absorbed and is ____ to the logarithm of transmitted light.

directly proportional; inversely proportional

A=abc, where in b represents

light path

Used to substract absorbances not due to the analyte of interest; sets the spectrophotometer to zero absorbance or 100% transmittance

Blank

Substance of non purity and concentration used to determine the concentration of the unknown analyte

Standard

Solution containing various analytes with known target values; analyzed with patient samples to monitor analytical performance

Control

Corrects for absorbance caused by the color of reagents

Reagent blank

Used to subtract the intrinsic absorbance caused by hemolysis, icterus, turbidity or drug interference during sample analysis

Sample blank

Wavelength accuracy for spectrophotometers are checked using

Didymium glass or holmium oxide

Absorbance check for spectrophotometers are checked using

glass filters and solutions

Linearity for spectrophotometers are determined using

neutral density filters and dichromate solution

Stray light for spectrophotometer QA are determined using

sharp cut-off filters

Isolates a portion of the spectrum emitted by the source and focuses it on the sample

monochromator

Light source: Visible to near Infrared

Tungsten and LASER

Monochromator: non-linear; better separation of High-frequency light

Prism

Converts the transmitted light energy into an equivalent amount of electrical energy

photodetector

A photodetector that requires an external voltage source

Phototube

Simplest type of photodetector

Barrier layer cell

A photodetector with excellent linearity

Photoiode

photodetector: most common/most sensitive

PMT

Design to compensate for variations in intensity of the light source by splitting the light beam from the lamp and directing one portion to a reference cuvet and the other to the sample cuvet

Double-Beam Spectrophotometry

Measurement of the amount of light emitted by excited molecules

Flourometry

Capable of subpicomolar detection limits; measurement of light emission caused by a chemical, biochemical or electrochemical reaction and not by photo illumination

Luminometry

Detection of flashes of light using a photo multiplier tube and counting of the electrical impulses

Scintillation Counting

Measurement of the amount of light blocked or of the amount of light scattered by a suspension of particles

Turbidimetry and Nephelometry

Involves fragmentation and ionization of molecules using a suitable source of energy followed by separation of the ions by mass-to-charge ratio and counting the number of ions of each type

Mass Spectrometry

Non-destructive method for determining the structure of organic compounds; used in lipoprotein particle measurements

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Double Beam in space

beam splitter, 2 photodectors

Double Beam in time

1 photodetector, chopper

Important components of Fluorometry includes

Gas discharge lamps, 2 monochromators, PM tube

Causes of quenching

High temperature, Prolonged exposure to UV light, Concentrated/undiluted sample, pH changes, Presence of contaminating chemicals

Camiluminescence is described as the emission of light caused by oxidation of organic compounds catalyzed by an enzyme, a metal, or hemine. Organic compound/s in this process include I. Luminol II. ALP III. Acridinium ester IV. Dioxethane phosphate

I, III, IV

A natural substrates from fireflies (modified)

Luciferin

Most commonly used Label in Elecrrochemiluminescence

Ruthenium

Type of Scintillation counting; Gamma counter

Iodine-131, Iodine-125

Alternative for drugs that are thermolabile

HPLC-MS

reference method for Inborn Error of Metabolism (IEM)

TANDEM MS (MS/MS)

reference method for NPN compounds

IDMS

In an approach to automation (Continuous Flow), air bubbles is for separating and clearing the media; coiled tubing/glass coils is for mixing

True

Uses centrifugal force to transfer liquids in separate cuvets for measurement; capable of batch analysis

Centrifugal analysis

Example/s of automation under Centrifugal analysis

Cobas-Bio

Example/s of automation under Discrete analysis

OCD Vitros 350, Beckman Unicel DXC, Dupint ACA, Abbott Architect, Cobas 6000, Siemens Vista

Each specimen in a batch enters the analytical process one after another, and each result are set of results emerges in the same order as the specimens are entered

Sequencial analysis

All specimens are subjected to a series of analytical processes at the same time and in a parallel fashion

Parallel analysis

Multiple samples, one test at the time; large number of specimens in one run

Batch analysis

Multiple test, one sample at a time; capable of analyzing stat specimens out of sequence on an as-needed basis

Random access analysis

Example of Polyssacharide

Starch

Classification of monossacharides include

Number of carbons; Location of the Co functional group; Stereochemistry of the compound

Based on the Stereochemistry of this compound, this is a

Levorotary

According to the location of the CO functional group, this is a/an

Aldoses

Carbohydrates modifies protein and their function by ____

Glycosylation

Does not interfere in Benedict's test

Sucrose

Principal hyperglycemic hormone

Glucagon

Product of anaerobic glycolysis

Lactate

end-product of aerobic glycolysis

Pyruvate

The TCA cycle/Kreb's cycle happen in the

Mitochondria

Glycogen is stored at the

Liver and skeletal muscle

100

Effects of stray light

Both

Microbiology

Microbiology

Clinical Chem part 1

Clinical Chem part 1

Clinical Chem 3"

Clinical Chem 3"

CC part 4

CC part 4