Luminous intensity

Electric current

Thermodynamic temperature

Electrical potential

Temperature

Arrange ascending order

Number of moles of solute per liter of solution

Number of moles of solute per kilogram solvent

Number of equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution

What is a valence?

Percent solution can be expressed as the following, except;

Expression of relative concentration

Done when the analyte concentration is too high and exceeds the detection limit of the method

Done when a weaker reagent concentration is needed than the stock substance available

Amount of something relative to another; expressed as part per part or part per whole

Average or arithmetic mean

Midpoint of a data set after the values have been ranked-ordered

Most frequently occurring value in a data set

It is the difference between the highest and lowest values; greatly affected by outlier.

The distribution of data points around the mean

The best indicator of precision

What is the usual confidence interval of a guassian/normal distribution?

Verifying a reference interval requires how many study? individuals

RI is adopted if ____ of the subjects fall outside the range

Establishing a reference interval requires how many study individuals?

What CI is the RI based?

Compares the means of two groups of data or the accuracy of two methods

Compares the standard deviations of two groups of data or the precision of two procedures

It is used to compare two methods using the best fit line through the data points

The x-axis is the dependent variable/new method. The Y-axis is the independent/reference method.

Ability of a method to detect the smallest concentration of an analyte

Ability of a method to detect only the analyte of interest

Ability of a test to detect a given disease or condition; proportion of individuals with the disease who have a positive test result

Ability of a test to detect the absence of a given disease or condition; proportion of individuals with no disease who have a negative test result

Used to compare results obtain on a high and low control serum from different laboratories

Precision study is usually done by running

It is the most widely used approach to quality improvement in the healthcare

Provides both a management philosophy or organizational development and a management process for improvement of quality in all aspects of work

Based on statistics and quantitative measurements applied in the clinical laboratory to reduce the frequency of test errors or the number of DPMOs

It is designed to reduce waste, increase efficiency and improve customer satisfaction; often used in clinical laboratories to improve TAT.

Categories of wastes:

Understands the basics of lean six sigma

Team members who contribute approximately 20% of their time to QI projects while delivering their normal job functions

Team leaders who dedicate as much as 100% of their time to QI projects

Black belt with at least two years of experience; lean six sigma advisors/coaches

Pre-analytical includes;

Analytical includes;

Post-analytical includes;

Inappropriate test requested

Handwriting not legible

Special requirements not specified

Delayed order

Incorrect tube or container

Incorrect patient identification

Inadequate specimen volume

Invalid specimen

Wrong collection time

Improper transport conditions

Instrument not calibrated correctly

Instrument precision problem

Specimen mix up

Incorrect sample volume

Interfering substance present

Poorly written procedure

Deteriorating reagent

Contaminated control solutions

Calibration error

Report not posted in chart, not legible, or delayed

Transcription error

Interfering substances not recognized

Specificity of test not understood

Precision limitations not recognized

Analytical sensitivity not appropriate

Previous values not available for comparison

Ability to maintain accuracy and precision over an extended period of time during which equipment, reagents, and personnel may change

Closeness of the result to the true or actual value

Ability to produce a series of results that agree closely with each other; commonly expressed in terms of coefficient of variation; also called repeatability or reproducibility

Internal Quality Control involves the analysis of at least __ levels of control every ___

In internal quality control, initial control limits are established by analyzing controls for at least ___ consecutive days or runs

Involves testing blind samples sent periodically by regulatory agencies to participating laboratories

Due to chance or an unpredictable cause; does not recur in regular pattern

Usually a one time error and represents imprecision

Random error

Warning!!!

Causes random errors

Causes systematic errors

A recurring error inherent in test procedure; influences observations in one direction

Maybe constant or proportional

Systematic error

It is an abrupt change in the distribution of controlled values such that they accumulate on one side of the mean for six consecutive days

Major cause of shift

Major cause of trend

Gradual change in the distribution of control values such that they continue to increase or decrease over a period of six consecutive days passing through the mean

Highly deviating control values

Prepared by plotting the algebraic sum of the difference between each quality control result and the mean on the y-axis and the run number on the x-axis

Used for interlaboratory comparison of monthly means by plotting the mean value for one sample on the y-axis and the mean value for another on the x-axis

It is an effective method for comparing both within-laboratory and between-laboratory variability