Geo Term 2 Gr 8

happens twice a year, happens in spring and autumn, day and night are exactly the same, happens because the Earth's axis is not tilted towards or away from the sun, but hemispheres get equal amount of sun

happens twice a year, Mark summer and winter, happens on June 21st directly over tropic of cancer SH = winter - shortest day and longest night NH = summer - longest day & shortest night, 22 December sun over tropic of Capricorn SH = summer - longest day & shortest night NH = winter - shortest day and longest night

this happens because the sun is directly overhead the tropic of Capricorn or the tropic of cancer so one hemisphere is tilted either towards or away from the sun

use the dates of the equinoxes and solstices to mark the beginning and end of Seasons, the beginning of each season marks the end of the last, so then autumn starts around 22 March until 22 June etc

latitude, altitude, ocean Currents, distance from the ocean, relief or mountains

temperatures are highest near the equator, temperatures decrease towards the polls, the tropics between 23 and 1/2° North and 23 1/2° South is where high temperatures are on the globe, when the sun's Ray struck the Earth at a large angle it gets hotter than when the angle is small, at the equator the raise of heating a much smaller area therefore it gets hotter and the temperatures are higher

in order for rain to fall rising air cools and condenses and forms clouds, there's more rain at latitude with rising air then latitudes with sinking air, warm air rises and cools and tool rain clouds form at the equator this results in daily rain, air sinks and there's usually little rain at 30° north and south therefore these are dry areas, between 31° and 40° north and south small weather systems associated with rising air forms, this brings rain in winter on the west coast of the continents

altitude refers to the highest point above sea level, Cape Town is at sea level whereas Table Mountain is 1,000 m above sea level, temperature decreases as altitude increases, in Africa snow usually falls on high-lying areas of Eastern cape and kwazulu-natal (Drakensberg mountain range) and western Cape mountains

it doesn't, the namib of desert is at sea level and the gobi desert in central Asia is at an altitude of 1,000 m and they are both very dry areas with very little rain

currents are streams of Water moving through the sea, the wind blowing over the water is effective by temperature of the water, a warm current warm the land it flows past, a cold current means that they will be a cold temperature on land, in South Africa a cold benguela current runs up the west coast, where is the warm Mozambique ocean currently runs down the east coast of South Africa

the coast next to a warm current usually receives more rain as the wind blowing over the current is warmer it can hold more moisture evaporated from the sea, wind blowing over a cold current does not pick up water and is dry as it flows over land

it is called at the top of a mountain as temperature decreases with altitude

the windward side of a mountain receives rain while the Leeward side is in the Rain Shadow of the Mountain, as a warm moist wind blows off the ocean to the mountain it cools and condenses as it Rises over the mountain equals rain, as the air descends on the Leeward side it is dry equals no rain, in South Africa towns in the main shadow Leeward side receive less rain

latitude, ocean Currents, altitude, distance from the ocean, relief

weather is day-to-day changes in conditions climate refers to the average conditions of a large period of time usually 20 years

they refer to the atmosphere conditions over a period of time

refers to the study of weather, meteor refers to the atmosphere, ology the study of

measure of how hot or cold the air is

thermometer is used to measure temperature

when the highest and lowest temperature is measured daily the Range refers to the difference between the two figures

the average temperature at a place for the year it is calculated by adding the average temperatures for each month and divided by 12

speed and direction

wind Vane, wind sock

equatorial climates, tropical climates, subtropical climates, temperate climates, continental climates, Mediterranean climate, desert climates, semi desert climates, polar climates, tundra climates, alpine/ hi mountain climates

very hot, very wet, no Different Seasons, many regions close to the equator experience and equal tutorial climate, Singapore

hot Summers, warm Winters, high rainfall mostly in the summer, Thailand

Summers have relatively high temperatures, precipitation is distributed throughout the year, Madagascar

warm summer's, cool Winters, quite a lot of rainfall mostly in summer, s u m regions have rainfall throughout the year, France

warm Summers, cold Winters, large temperature range, quite a lot of rain throughout the year, Germany

hot dry summer's, relatively warm wet Winters, f a i r amount of rain almost all winter, Cape Town

Mediterranean ecosystems occur in only five regions of the world, California central chili the Mediterranean bezel South Africa southwestern Australia, these regions lie on the Western side edges of Continents between 30° to 40° latitude

v e r y dry with almost no rain, some years no rainfall, can be very hot or very cold, days can be very hot with cold nights, Sahara - hot ladakh - cold

usually less than 250 ml rain per year, can be hot or cold, Kalahari

POLAR CLIMATES - Very cold throughout the year - Very little precipitation (snow) - Covered in ice and snow throughout the year - Eg. Greenland

Cool summers - Very cold winters - Most precipitation is snow - The ground below the surface remains frozen, even in summer - Eg. Siberia

These climates are affected by altitude - The temperature is lower than it would be if there was no mountain - Heavy rain or snow - Eg. Alps

By looking at the diagram below, one can see that at the equator (b), the sun’s rays travel a shorter distance and are more direct. They cover a smaller area. - At the Polar region (a), one can see that the sun’s rays travel a longer distance and are more oblique. They cover a larger area.

Regions with the highest rainfall are close to latitudes 30⁰ N & S - air rises and cools to form rain - Deserts & Semi-desert regions: West coast between 30 ⁰ and 40⁰ N & S – air sinks - Mediterranean regions: West coast between 30 ⁰ and 40⁰ N & S = winter rain

for every 1000m increase in height, the temperature drops by 6,5℃.

they are high up thus effective altitude and being colder

This is because Blaauwberg is situated on the coastline, where the cool air from the ocean keeps the temperature low. Whereas, Paarl is further away from the ocean, therefore it experiences higher temperatures. - Water mass takes longer to warm up and slower to cool down, as compared to a land mass.

A climate graph indicates the mean (average) monthly temperature and rainfall of one particular place. - There are 3 important pieces of information that the graph presents to us, in order to help us interpret the data. These 3 things are: 1. Altitude 2. Latitude 3. The name of the place - The line graph represents the temperature. - The bar graph represents the precipitation. - The temperature and precipitation will always be found on the y-axis. - The months of the year will always be found on the x-axis. - Precipitation is measured in millimetres (mm) and temperature in degree celsius ℃

SATELLITES ARE LAUNCHED FROM EARTH FROM A LAUNCH PAD • CAN ALSO BE DEPLOYED FROM ANOTHER SPACE VEHICLE LIKE THE SPACE SHUTTLE • THEY ARE PROPELLED BY ROCKETS

About 6,600 satellites have been launched. • About 3,600 remain in orbit. • Of those, about 1,000 are operational • The rest are space debris

METEOSAT aids the weather forecaster with the prediction of dangerous weather phenomena such as thunderstorms and even tsunami warnings

Meteorology Agriculture and Forestry Mapping Disaster Monitoring Environmental monitoring