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Statistics
62問 • 5ヶ月前
  • Almira Coleen
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    The science of gathering, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data

    Statistics

  • 2

    Statistics

    The science of gathering, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data

  • 3

    used to compare the means and standard deviations of 2 groups of data

    Inferential Statistics

  • 4

    Determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the meansof 2 groups of data

    T-test

  • 5

    determine whether there is statistically significant difference between standard deviations of 2 groups of data

    F-test

  • 6

    Value that divides the observations into two equal groups (midpoint/ 50th centile)

    Median

  • 7

    Most frequent observation

    Mode

  • 8

    difference between the highest and lowest score (spread or distribution)

    Range

  • 9

    Measures of spread:

    CV, SD, Range

  • 10

    measure of central tendency

    Mean

  • 11

    measure of dispersion of values from the mean

    Standard deviation

  • 12

    percentile expression of the mean

    Coefficient of Variation

  • 13

    Standard deviation squared

    Variance

  • 14

    describe the normal curve

    Standard deviation

  • 15

    index of precision

    Coefficient of Variation

  • 16

    measure of variability

    Variance

  • 17

    measure of variation & precision

    Standard Deviation

  • 18

    assoc. with symmetrical or normal distribution

    Mean

  • 19

    determines accuracy

    Mean

  • 20

    Mean

    measure of central tendency, assoc. with symmetrical or normal distribution, determines accuracy

  • 21

    Standard deviation

    measure of dispersion of values from the mean, describe the normal curve, measure of variation & precision

  • 22

    Coefficient of Variation

    percentile expression of the mean, index of precision

  • 23

    Variance

    Standard deviation squared, measure of variability

  • 24

    Used to observe values of control materials over time to determine reliability of analytical method

    Quality Control Chart

  • 25

    Help detect analytical errors – inaccuracy and imprecision

    Quality Control Chart

  • 26

    Quality Control Chart

    Used to observe values of control materials over time to determine reliability of analytical method, Help detect analytical errors – inaccuracy and imprecision

  • 27

    data set can be accurately described by SD and mean

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved)

  • 28

    plotvalues from multiple sample analyses

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved)

  • 29

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved) Symmetry:

    Data elements are centered and close to the mean

  • 30

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved)

    data set can be accurately described by SD and mean, plotvalues from multiple sample analyses

  • 31

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved) Total area under the curve =

    1.0 or 100%

  • 32

    Calculates the difference between QC results and target means

    Cumulative Sum Graph

  • 33

    Cumulative Sum Graph: Common Method

    V-mask

  • 34

    Cumulative Sum Graph identifies consistent bias problems -->

    Computer implementation

  • 35

    Provide earliest indication of systematic error (trend) → use 13S

    Cumulative Sum Graph

  • 36

    Very sensitive to small, persistent errors

    Cumulative Sum Graph

  • 37

    Compare results obtained on high and low control serum from diff labs

    Youden/Twin Plot

  • 38

    Plotting of mean values from one specimen (ordinate, y-axis) and other specimen (abscissa, x-axis)

    Youden/Twin Plot

  • 39

    Plotting of mean values from one specimen

    (ordinate, y-axis)

  • 40

    other specimen

    (abscissa, x-axis)

  • 41

    Points falling from center but on 45 line = proportional error

    proportional error

  • 42

    Points falling from center but NOT on 45 line =

    constant error

  • 43

    Youden/Twin Plot plotting of mean values:

    ordinate, y-axis, abscissa, x-axis

  • 44

    “Dot chart”

    Shewhar Level-Jennings Chart

  • 45

    Most widely used QC chart = graphic representation of acceptable limits of variation

    Shewhart Level-Jennings Chart

  • 46

    Use multiple rules

    Shewhart Level-Jennings

  • 47

    Easily identifies random and systematic errors

    Shewhart Level-Jennings Chart

  • 48

    Control values that either increase or decrease for 6 consecutive days

    Trend

  • 49

    Errors observable in Levey Jennings Chart

    Trend , Shift , Outliers

  • 50

    Errors in Trend, Main Cause:

    Deterioration of reagents

  • 51

    Control values that distribute themselves on one side or either side of the mean for six consecutive days

    Shift

  • 52

    Shift Error, Main Cause:

    Improper instrument calibration

  • 53

    Highly deviating control values far from the main set of values

    Outliers

  • 54

    Outliers Cause:

    Random or systematic errors

  • 55

    Acceptable range

    95% confidence limit (+/- 2SD)

  • 56

    refers to the degree of flatness or sharpness in the peak of a set of values having a gaussian distribution

    Kurtosis

  • 57

    An analytical method is considered in control when there is ______________________ about the mean and there are few control values outside the 2s control limits.

    symmetrical distribution of control values

  • 58

    Control values are not within the +/- 2SD →

    run new set of controls and repeat specimen testing

  • 59

    would require corrective action

    value outside 3s

  • 60

    Continued QC failure requires more _____________ preparation of new reagents, recalibration, instrument maintenance and repair, and contacting the dealer/manufacturer for technical support or service.

    Troubleshooting

  • 61

    recognized that simple upper and lower control limits are not enough to identify analytical problems

    Westgard control rules

  • 62

    used control rule to indicate if the analytical process is out of control

    Westgard control rules

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    18th

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    Types of Errors

    Types of Errors

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    Types of Errors

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    The science of gathering, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data

    Statistics

  • 2

    Statistics

    The science of gathering, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data

  • 3

    used to compare the means and standard deviations of 2 groups of data

    Inferential Statistics

  • 4

    Determine whether there is statistically significant difference between the meansof 2 groups of data

    T-test

  • 5

    determine whether there is statistically significant difference between standard deviations of 2 groups of data

    F-test

  • 6

    Value that divides the observations into two equal groups (midpoint/ 50th centile)

    Median

  • 7

    Most frequent observation

    Mode

  • 8

    difference between the highest and lowest score (spread or distribution)

    Range

  • 9

    Measures of spread:

    CV, SD, Range

  • 10

    measure of central tendency

    Mean

  • 11

    measure of dispersion of values from the mean

    Standard deviation

  • 12

    percentile expression of the mean

    Coefficient of Variation

  • 13

    Standard deviation squared

    Variance

  • 14

    describe the normal curve

    Standard deviation

  • 15

    index of precision

    Coefficient of Variation

  • 16

    measure of variability

    Variance

  • 17

    measure of variation & precision

    Standard Deviation

  • 18

    assoc. with symmetrical or normal distribution

    Mean

  • 19

    determines accuracy

    Mean

  • 20

    Mean

    measure of central tendency, assoc. with symmetrical or normal distribution, determines accuracy

  • 21

    Standard deviation

    measure of dispersion of values from the mean, describe the normal curve, measure of variation & precision

  • 22

    Coefficient of Variation

    percentile expression of the mean, index of precision

  • 23

    Variance

    Standard deviation squared, measure of variability

  • 24

    Used to observe values of control materials over time to determine reliability of analytical method

    Quality Control Chart

  • 25

    Help detect analytical errors – inaccuracy and imprecision

    Quality Control Chart

  • 26

    Quality Control Chart

    Used to observe values of control materials over time to determine reliability of analytical method, Help detect analytical errors – inaccuracy and imprecision

  • 27

    data set can be accurately described by SD and mean

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved)

  • 28

    plotvalues from multiple sample analyses

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved)

  • 29

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved) Symmetry:

    Data elements are centered and close to the mean

  • 30

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved)

    data set can be accurately described by SD and mean, plotvalues from multiple sample analyses

  • 31

    Gaussian Curve (Bell-Shaped Curved) Total area under the curve =

    1.0 or 100%

  • 32

    Calculates the difference between QC results and target means

    Cumulative Sum Graph

  • 33

    Cumulative Sum Graph: Common Method

    V-mask

  • 34

    Cumulative Sum Graph identifies consistent bias problems -->

    Computer implementation

  • 35

    Provide earliest indication of systematic error (trend) → use 13S

    Cumulative Sum Graph

  • 36

    Very sensitive to small, persistent errors

    Cumulative Sum Graph

  • 37

    Compare results obtained on high and low control serum from diff labs

    Youden/Twin Plot

  • 38

    Plotting of mean values from one specimen (ordinate, y-axis) and other specimen (abscissa, x-axis)

    Youden/Twin Plot

  • 39

    Plotting of mean values from one specimen

    (ordinate, y-axis)

  • 40

    other specimen

    (abscissa, x-axis)

  • 41

    Points falling from center but on 45 line = proportional error

    proportional error

  • 42

    Points falling from center but NOT on 45 line =

    constant error

  • 43

    Youden/Twin Plot plotting of mean values:

    ordinate, y-axis, abscissa, x-axis

  • 44

    “Dot chart”

    Shewhar Level-Jennings Chart

  • 45

    Most widely used QC chart = graphic representation of acceptable limits of variation

    Shewhart Level-Jennings Chart

  • 46

    Use multiple rules

    Shewhart Level-Jennings

  • 47

    Easily identifies random and systematic errors

    Shewhart Level-Jennings Chart

  • 48

    Control values that either increase or decrease for 6 consecutive days

    Trend

  • 49

    Errors observable in Levey Jennings Chart

    Trend , Shift , Outliers

  • 50

    Errors in Trend, Main Cause:

    Deterioration of reagents

  • 51

    Control values that distribute themselves on one side or either side of the mean for six consecutive days

    Shift

  • 52

    Shift Error, Main Cause:

    Improper instrument calibration

  • 53

    Highly deviating control values far from the main set of values

    Outliers

  • 54

    Outliers Cause:

    Random or systematic errors

  • 55

    Acceptable range

    95% confidence limit (+/- 2SD)

  • 56

    refers to the degree of flatness or sharpness in the peak of a set of values having a gaussian distribution

    Kurtosis

  • 57

    An analytical method is considered in control when there is ______________________ about the mean and there are few control values outside the 2s control limits.

    symmetrical distribution of control values

  • 58

    Control values are not within the +/- 2SD →

    run new set of controls and repeat specimen testing

  • 59

    would require corrective action

    value outside 3s

  • 60

    Continued QC failure requires more _____________ preparation of new reagents, recalibration, instrument maintenance and repair, and contacting the dealer/manufacturer for technical support or service.

    Troubleshooting

  • 61

    recognized that simple upper and lower control limits are not enough to identify analytical problems

    Westgard control rules

  • 62

    used control rule to indicate if the analytical process is out of control

    Westgard control rules