The contemporary world CBRC

167問 • 2年前

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It process of expanding various sociocultural and socioecological processes from the national to international and transcultural level (Al-Rodhan, 2006).

Globalization

It is a measurement of flows and interconnections of a country to other global players through exchanges in trade, capital, people and information (Altman, et al., 2018).

Global connected index (CGI)

It refers to barriers that prevent or makes it difficult for the movement of things.

Solidity

It can either be natural or man-made.

Solid

Examples are landforms and bodies of water.

Natural solid

It includes the Great wall of China and the Berlin wall.

Man-made

It refers to the increasing ease of movement of people, things, information and places in the contemporary world.

Liquidity

It refers to the increasing sameness in the world as cultural inputs, economic factors and political orientations of expand to create common practices, same economies and similar forms of government.

Homegeneity

It is one of the products of homogeneity in economic globalization.

Global economic crises

It emphasizes the fact that cultures are essentially different and are only superficially affected by global flows.

Cultural differentialism

It is approach that emphasizes the intergration of local and global cultures (Cvekovich and Kellner, 1997). Globalization is considered to be a creative process which gives rise to hybrid entities thst are not reducible to either the global or local.

Cultural hybridization

It is approach that stresses homogeneity introduced by globalization. Cultures are deemed to be redically altered by strong flows.

Cultureal convergence

It happens when one culture imposes itself on and tends to destroy at least parts of another culture. One important critiques is John Tomlinson's idea of "Deterritorialization" of culture.

Cultural imperialism

Who created the idea of "Deterritorialization" of culture.

John Tomlinson

It means that it is much more difficult to tie culture to a specific geographic point of origin.

Deterritorialization

It is the expansion of national economies, the global market driven by modern technologies and institutional set ups that promote faster and easier flow of good and capital (Sugden and Wilson, 2005).

Economic globalization

It denotes that economies of various countries are more interconnected from extraction, production, distribution, consumption, to disposal of goods and services (Carfi and Schiliro, 2018).

Global economy

It is global financial institution that support a country's economic growth through support (i.e., loans, technical assistance) to governments and now other private sectors (Wood, 2019).

International financial institution

It is an international organization with 183 member countries that promotes international monetary cooperation and exchange stability to foster economic growth and high employment and to provide short-term financial assistance to countries to help ease balance of payments adjustments (IMF, 2019).

International monetary fund

It is a system of nongovernment institutions that operate across geographical borders and organize and mobilize for a common issue or cause (Keane, 2003: 8).

Global civil society

It is an "enterprise that engages in activities which add value (manufacturing, extraction, services, marketing, etc.) in more than one country" (UCTC, 1991).

Global cooperation

It is based on the theory of Wallerstein (1974) that recognizes that social and economic change is not only endogenous to a country, but is affected by its interaction to exogenous institutions, thus the focus on world systems (Chase-Dunn, 2018).

World system

It is a process of combining or increasing the interconnectivity of national economies to the regional or global economies (Clark et al., 2018).

Economic intergration

It is a situation in which people go to live in foreign countries, especially in order to find work. Most of it is from developing countries to developed ones. It is patterns.

Global migration

It is the statistical study of human populations. It is examine the size, structure and movements of population over space and time.

Global demography

It is examine the size, structure and movements of population over space and time.

Demography

It is the deterioration in the environment quality from ambient concentrations of pollutants and other activities and processes such as improper land use and natural disasters.

Environmental degradation

It means delivering food to the entire world population. It is, therefore, a priority of all countries, whether developed or less developed.

Global food security

It is the result of companies trying to outmaneuver their competitors. While you search for the cheapest place to buy shoes, companies search for the cheapest place to make those shoes.

Economic and trade globalization

Globalization and inequality are closely related. We can see how different nations are divided between the North and South, developed and less redeveloped and the core and the periphery. These differences mainly reflect one, key aspect of inequality in the contemporary world global economic inequality.

True

Globalization and equality are closely related. We can see how different nations are divided between the North and South, developed and less redeveloped and the core and the periphery. These differences mainly reflect one, key aspect of equality in the contemporary world global economic equality.

False

These are two main types of economic inequality:

Wealth inequality and income inequality

It refers to the net worth of a country.

Wealth

It may be natural, physical and human less the liabilities.

Assets of a nation

Is the abundance of resources in a specific country.

Wealth

It speaks about distribution of assets. However, there is no widely recognized, monetary measure that sums up these assets (Economist, 2012).

Wealth inequality

It is contributed to worldwide income inequality. It complemented skilled workers but replaced many unskilled workers.

Access to technology

Jobs are more technology-based, generally requiring new skills. This is what economist referred to as skill-based technological change.

Modernized economies

It is wherein the Industrial revolution caused the differences among countries. Through this "explosion" industry and modern technology, some nations became economically developed while others were developing.

Economic big bang

The term _______ originally refers to the capitalist, industrialized countries, within the Western european and United states sphere of influence, (e.g. members states of the NATO).

First world

The term _______ refers to the former communist-socialist, industrial states, the territory and sphere of influence of the Union of soviet socialist republic (Soviet union). Communist Yugoslavia was the only eastern European country which was not aligned with the Soviet union.

Second world

Communist _______ was the only eastern European country which was not aligned with the Soviet union.

Yugoslavia

It is country is an outdated and offensive term for a developing nation characterized by a population with low and middle incomes, and to other socio-economic indicators.

Third world

It is typically defined as "imbalances in the district of power, economic resources and opportunities". It have manifested in American society in ways ranging racial disparities in wealth, poverty rates, bankruptcy, housing patterns and educational opportunities.

Racial inequality

Racial inequality have manifested in ________ in ways ranging racial disparities in wealth, poverty rates, bankruptcy, housing patterns and educational opportunities.

American society

It is an urban centre that enjoys significant competitive advantages and that serves as a hub within a globalized economic system. The term has its origins in research on cities carried out during the 1980s,which examined the common characteristic of the world's most important cities.

Global city

It refers to the unequal distribution of resources among nations. There are two dimensions of it: Gaps between Nations and Gaps within Nations

Global stratification

There are two dimensions to Global stratification:

Gaps between Nations and Gaps within Nations

It frames global stratification as a function of technological and cultural groups differences between nations. It specifically pinpoints two historical events that contributed to Western Europe developing at a faster rate than much of the rest of the world. It rests on the idea that affluence could be attained by anyone.

Modernization theory

This refers to the spread of goods, technology, education and diseases between the Americas and Europe after Christopher Columbus's so-called "discovery of the Americas." This exchange worked out well for the European countries.

Columbian exchange

It is the Industrial revolution in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries (18th and 19th). This is when new technologies, like steam power and mechanization, allowed countries to replace human labor with machines and increase productivity. They only benefited the wealthy in Western counteiws.

Second historical event

This is when new technologies, like steam power and mechanization, allowed countries to replace human labor with machines and increase productivity. They only benefited the wealthy in Western countries.

Industrial revolution

It is primed Europe to take on a progress-oriented way of life in which financial success was a sign of personal virtue. Individualism replaced communalism. This is the perfect breeding ground for modernization.

Protestant reformation

This refers to societies that are structured around smallzlocal communities with production typically being done in family settings. Because these societies have limited resources and technology, most of their time is spent on laboring to produce food, which creates a strict social hierarchy.

Walt Rostow's FIRST stage of modernization

Traditional stage

People begin to use their individual talent sto produce things beyond the necessities.

Walt Rostow's SECOND stage of modertinization

People begin to use their individual talent sto produce things beyond the necessities.

Take-off stage

It means technological growth of the earlier periods thst begins to bear fruit in the form in the form of population growth, reduction in absolute poverty levels, and more diverse job opportunities.

Walt Rostow's THIRD stage of modertinization

It means technological growth of the earlier periods thst begins to bear fruit in the form in the form of population growth, reduction in absolute poverty levels, and more diverse job opportunities.

Drive to technoolgy maturity

Nation in this phase typically begin to push for social change along with economic change, like implementing basic schooling for everyone and developing more democratic political systems.

Walt Rostow's THIRD stage of modernization

Nation in this phase typically begin to push for social change along with economic change, like implementing basic schooling for everyone and developing more democratic political systems.

Drive to technological maturity

It is when your country is big enough that production becomes more about wants than needs. Many of these countries put social support systems in place to ensure that all of their citizens have access to basic necessities.

Walt Rostow's FOURTH stage of modernization

High mass consumption stage

It was initially developed by Hans singer and Raul prebisch in the 1950s and has been improved since then. Theorists recognize that there are a number of different kinds of states in the world (Grosfoguel, 2000).

Dependence theory

It is theory that is "even after decolonization, there are still important ties between the developed and less developed countries, which mainly consist in the exploitation of peripheral natural resources and workforce by the center" (Anton, 2006, p. 2).

Dependency theory

The heart of dependency theory

Core nations and peripheral nations

These are countries that are less developed and recieve an unequal distribution of the world's wealth.

Peripheral nations

These are countries that are more industrialized nations who recieve the majority of the world's wealth.

Core countries

He contented the idea that less developed countries would developed countries would develop by following the path taken by the developed countries. Developed countries were undeveloped in the beginning but not underdeveloped. This means that the path taken by the developed countries does not guarantee the same fate for the underdeveloped countries.

Andre gunder frank

He rejected the idea that internal sources cause a country underdevelopement; rather,it is their dependency to capitalist system that causes lack of development.

Andre gunder frank

It is socioeconomic system, under systems theory, that encompasses part or all of the globe, detailing the aggregate structural result of the sum of the interaction between polities.

Modern word system

It is usually larger that single states, but do not have to be global.

World systems

It is the core of the world economy. This core is the manufacturing base of the planet where resources funnel in to become the technology and wealth enjoyed by the Western world today.

High income nations

It is called the "periphery", whose natural resources and labor support the wealthier countries, first as colonies and now by working for multinational corporations under neocolonialism.

Low income countries

Countries such as India and Brazil, are considered the semi-periphery due to their closer ties to the global economic core.

Middle income countries

World economies have been brought closer together by globalization. It is reflected in the phrase "When the American economy sneezes, the rest of the world catches a cold". But remember that it is not only the economy of the United states that have a significant impact in the global market and finance but also other economies in the world.

International financial institution

The strength of a more powerful economy brings ______ on other country.

Greater affect

Crises on weaker economies economy brings ______ on other countries.

Less effect

The expression of currency in terms of gold value to establish a par value (Buoghton, 2007).

First key element of Bretton wood's system

The official monetary authority in each country (central bank or its equivalent) would agree to exchange it's own currency for those of other countries at the established exchanged rates, plus or minus a one-percent margin (Boughton, 2007).

Second key element of Bretton wood's system

The establishment of an overseer for these exchange rates; thus, the International monetary fund (IMF) was founded.

Third key element of Bretton wood's system

Eleminating restrictions on the currencies of member states in the international trade.

Fourth key element of Bretton wood's system

The U.S dollar became the global currency.

Fifth key element of Bretton wood's system

It was a forum for the meeting of representatives from 23 members countries. It focused on trade goods through multinational trade aggreements conducted in many "rounds" of organization. According to Ritzer (2015, p. 60) it was out of the Uruguay round (1986-1993) that an agreement was reached to create the World trade organization (WTO).

General agreement on Tariffs and trade (GATT)

It is an independent multilateral organization that became responsible for trade in services, non-tariff-related barriers to trade, and other broader areas of trade liberalization.

World trade organization (WTO)

The general idea where World trade organization (WTO) is based was that of _______.

Neoliberalism

This means that by reducing or eliminating barriers. All nations will benefit.

Neoliberalism

International monetary fund and World bank were designed to complement each other.

True

Main goal was to help countries which were in trouble and who could not obtain money by any means.

International monetary fund

If the economy collapsed or their currency was threatened, it served as a lender or a last resort for countries which needed financial assistance.

International monetary fund

It had more long-term approach.

World bank

Main goal revolved around the eradication of poverty and it funded specific projects that helped them reach their goals, especially in poor countries.

World bank

It is the most encompassing club of the richest countries in the world.

Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD)

It has 35 members states as of 2016, with Latvia as its latest member. It is highly influential, despite the group having little formal power. This emanates form the member countries resources and economic power.

Organization for economic cooperation and development (OECD)

It was originally comprised of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran and Venezuela and they are still part of the major exporters of oil in the world today.

Organization of Petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)

It was formed because members countries wanted to increase the price of oil, which in the past had a relatively low price and had failed in keeping up the inflation. Today, UAE, Algeria, Qatar, Nigeria and Indonesia are also included as members.

Organization of Petroleum exporting countries (OPEC)

It is made up of 28 members states. Most members in the Eurozone adapted the euro as basic currency but some Western european nation like the Great britain, Sweden and Denmark did not. Critics argue that the euro increased the prices in Eurozones and resulted in the depressed economic growth rates like on Greece, Spain and Portugal. The policies of the European central bank are considered to be significant contributor.

European union (EU)

The policies of the _______ are considered to be significant contributor of European union.

European central bank

It is trade pact between the United states, Mexico and Canada created on January 1, 1994 when Mexico joined the two other nations.

North American free trade agreement (NAFTA)

100

It helps in developing and expanding world trade by broadening international cooperation. It aims to increase cooperation for improving working condition in North America by reducing barriers to trade as it expands the markets of the three countries.

North American free trade agreement (NAFTA)

Science

Twice Mikay · 249問 · 2年前

Science