chapter 1

54問 • 1年前

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If pushed away from equilibrium, the marble’s weight leads to a net force toward the equilibrium position. This force is the

Restoring force

This repetitive motion is called

oscillation

Any oscillation is characterized by a __ and _

period and frequency

the time to complete one full cycle is called the __ of the oscillation.

period (T)

number of cycles per second is called the ___ of the oscillation.

frequency (f)

The units of frequency are

hertz (Hz), or 1 s–1.

The graph of an oscillatory motion has the form of a

cosine function.

A graph or a function that has the form of a sine or cosine function is called

sinusoidal

A sinusoidal oscillation is called

simple harmonic motion (SHM).

the object’s maximum displacement from equilibrium.

amplitude (A)

Oscillation about an equilibrium position with a linear restoring force is always

simple harmonic motion.

It is a mass suspended from a pivot point by a light string or rod

pendulum

lowest point of its motion, a

turning point

Uniform circular motion projected onto one dimension is

simple harmonic motion.

It is a pendulum whose mass is distributed along its length.

physical pendulum

An oscillation that runs down and stops is called a

damped oscillation.

For a pendulum, the main energy loss is

air resistance, or the drag force.

is the motion of an oscillator that is subjected to a periodic external force.

Driven oscillation

The _ of an oscillator is the frequency of the system if it is displaced from equilibrium and released.

natural frequency f0

The __ is a periodic external force of frequency. It is independent of the natural frequency.

driving frequency fext

The natural frequency is often called the

resonance frequency.

The __ describes the basic properties of waves and emphasizes those aspects of wave behavior common to all waves.

wave model

Is an organized disturbance that travels with a well-defined wave speed.

traveling wave

__ are waves that involve the motion of the substance through which they move. The substance is the medium.

Mechanical waves

A __ is a wave that passes through a medium, displacing the atoms that make up the medium from their equilibrium position.

disturbance

A wave disturbance is created by a __

source

are waves of an electromagnetic field. They include visible light, radio waves, microwaves, and x rays.

Electromagnetic waves

describe the wave-like characteristics of material particles such as electrons and atoms.

Matter waves

Most waves fall into two general classes: _ and _

transverse, longitudinal

is a wave in which the particles in the medium move perpendicular to the direction

transverse wave

In a _, the particles in the medium move parallel to the direction in which the wave travels

longitudinal wave

The two most important types of earthquake waves

are S waves (transverse) and P waves (longitudinal).

The _ is the speed that all electromagnetic waves travel in a vacuum.

speed of light c

A _ shows a wave’s displacement

snapshot graph

A __ is the type of wave produced by a source that oscillates with simple harmonic motion (SHM).

sinusoidal wave

The _ is the distance spanned in one cycle of the motion.

wavelength λ

The regions of higher and lower pressures are called _ and _ respectively.

compressions and rarefactions,

Are high-frequency sounds above our range of hearing that are used by some animals for echolocation.

Ultrasound waves

A _ is a two- dimensional wave that spreads across a surface.

circular wave

_ move in three dimensions. Light and sound waves are spherical waves.

Spherical waves

A _ describes observations of waves far from their source. The planes represent the crests of the spherical waves.

plane wave

The ______ depends on the power of the source and the area that receives the power

intensity of light or sound (brightness or loudness)

The loudness of sound is measured by a quantity called the

sound intensity level.

The ____ is the lowest intensity sound that can be heard. It is where we place the 0 for our loudness scale.

threshold of hearing

The sound intensity level is measured on a ___ because the perceived loudness is much less than the actual increase in intensity.

logarithmic scale

The __ is a change in frequency due to the motion of the source. This effect is heard as the pitch of an ambulance siren changes from its approach to after it has passed you by.

Doppler effect

A __ is produced when an object moves faster than the speed of sound.

shock wave

The ___ is the change in frequency when a source moves relative to an observer.

Doppler effect

If the source of light is receding from you, the wavelength you detect is longer than that emitted by the source. The light is shifted toward the red end of the visible spectrum; this effect is called the __

red shift.

The light you detect from a source moving toward you is ___ to shorter wavelengths.

blue shifted

A wave striking a barrier or obstacle can reflect and travel back to the source. For sound, this is an _

echo

A _ is produced when a source moves faster than the waves, which causes waves to overlap.

shock wave

A source is __ if it travels faster than the speed of sound.

supersonic

A shock wave travels with the source. If a supersonic source passes an observer, the shock wave produces a

sonic boom.

gen bio

Kristina Cassandra Racoma · 23問 · 1年前

gen bio