lesson 1

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Kristina Cassandra Racoma

問題数 55 • 2024/04/20

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In an emergency, the first thing to do is to remain calm and avoid panic. Remember the acronym _____ when faced with unforeseen situations

DRSABC

DRSABC means

Danger, Responsiveness, Send, Airway, Breathing, CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation)

It is a procedure that could potentially save lives especially when done properly, quickly, and accurately.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

It is usually performed on people who have stopped breathing and/or their heartbeat has stopped or slowed down which may have occurred during a heart attack and drowning.

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)

CPR consists of a process called ___ which stands for

C.A.B // Compression, Airways, Breathing

restore blood circulation

Compression

open airway

Airways

breath for the person

Breathing

simply means that your hands will be used to push down the victim’s chest as fast as you can and in a repeated manner

Compression

aims to provide immediate care to the injured victims, alleviate pain, minimize further injuries, provide safety to the injured victims and companions, and prolong life

First aid

Common Injuries and Illnesses in the Outdoors

A. Cuts, scrapes, and punctures B. Sprains, strains, and fractures C. Concussions D. Blisters E. Scalds or Burns

Wounds, bruises, and tears may be incurred by rock climbing, scratching oneself, and falling anywhere

Cuts, scrapes, and punctures

Many outdoor enthusiasts may experience a sprain, tension, or fracture. You can slip or twist your knee during a trek or miscalculate your action during the canoeing process.

Sprains, strains, and fractures

It is an injury caused by a stretched or torn ligament, a band of tissue fibers that connect bones in the joints

Sprain

The most common sprain is found in the

ankle joint

It is an injury caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon

Strain

It may be caused by a blow to the body or by lifting heavy objects or over-stressing the muscles with improper form when running or jumping.

Strain

Depending on the severity of the injury, sprain and strain are categorized by grades:

Grade I , Grade II , Grade III

___ for mild tear or stretch,

grade I

for partial tearing of ligaments, tendons, or muscles,

grade II

for complete tearing of ligaments, tendons, or muscles.

grade III

are the four components used to treat grades I and II injuries

Rest, Ice Pack, Compression and Elevation (RICE)

It is a breakage in the bone which may be caused by accidents, falls, or sports injuries.

Fracture

There are instances where a fractured bone causes punctures in the skin and causes bleeding. This is called an __

open or compound fracture

It is an injury caused by a blow to the head or neck, which may be critical or traumatic to the brain

Concussion

The head or face can be seen with cuts or contusions

Concussion

Some people lose awareness or forget about what happened before the wound

Concussion

Hikers and trekkers are prone to ___ which may cause pain and discomfort.

blisters

are skin wounds caused by contact with a hot liquid or heat

Scalds or Burns

Burn Classification

First degree burn Second degree burn (Superficial or Deep) Third degree burn (Full thickness)

It is defined as a temporary increase in body temperature. It is one of the ways that the body is telling you that something may be wrong and that it is fighting off an infection.

Fever

If the patient has a temperature of ___ or ___ or higher, he or she should take oral medications.

102 ˚F or 38.8 ˚C

Ailments or Illnesses Commonly Experienced Outdoors

Fever, Headache, Altitude/Mountain Sickness Hyperthermia, Heat Cramps, Heat Exhaustion, Heat Stroke, Hypothermia, Diving-Related Sickness Decompression Sickness

are common during trekking or hiking caused by a lack of protective eyewear from the sun's rays, neck tension and exhaustion, swelling of brain tissue due to excessive sweating for many days, and excessive water intake without taking salt tablets

Headache

occurs because the body's ability to transition to higher altitudes outpaces the rate of ascent.

Altitude sickness

occurs when the body creates or consumes more heat than it can expel

Hyperthermia

A rise in air temperature, solar or reflected radiation, inadequate clothing circulation, a lack of exercise, and excess bulk or a decreased ratio of skin area to body mass may all contribute to this.

Hyperthermia

are most common during strenuous exercise in hot weather.

Heat cramps

They are painful, spontaneous muscle spasms that are more intense than a normal nighttime leg cramp, with the calves, arms, abdominal wall, and back muscles being affected

Heat cramps

The body becomes dehydrated and salt-depleted when water is insufficient to meet the demands of a specific outdoor activity

Heat Exhaustion

This causes nausea, dizziness, a quick, weak pulse, and cold, as well as sweaty skin.

Heat Exhaustion

The most serious and dangerous stage of hypothermia is

Heat stroke

Due to wet, cold, and windy climate, the body chills faster than it can generate heat, resulting in

hypothermia

Inadequate intake of energy-producing food and not wearing enough clothing accelerate

Hypothermia

is a severe injury caused by pressure variations between the air-filled cavities of the body and the surrounding water

Barotrauma

is a severe deep-water diving injury. It occurs when divers do not adhere to predetermined dive profiles, and may occur after a rapid ascent.

Decompression sickness, also known as DCS

is a potentially fatal medical condition that arises when a scuba diver ascends at a rate faster than recommended.

Decompression sickness (DCS) or "bends"

It is a piece of specialized equipment that simulates the hyperbaric conditions that cause the gases to dissolve.

recompression chamber

Fluids build up in the lungs in ___, making breathing extremely difficult

High Altitude Pulmonary Edema

The storage of fluid in the brain causes swelling and changes in a person's mental state when a person gets ___

High Altitude Cerebral Edema

Humans become a hazard source when threats come from participants or the activity organizers. The threats can be a large number of people in groups participating in an activity, age (such as either too young or too old), lack of skills and physical fitness required for the activity, lack of awareness, information, understanding, and experience, development of negative assumptions, and establishing unrealistic expectations.

Humans as a source of hazard

Faulty equipment poses great hazards to outdoor activities. It is imperative to check equipment and make sure that each of them undergoes regular maintenance. Equipment includes the essential tools, gears, clothing, and footwear required to perform the outdoor activity.

Equipment as a source of hazard

Hazards associated with outdoor activities include environmental conditions such as harsh weather conditions (associated with a higher level of risks), extreme temperatures, altitude, terrain characteristics, rock stability, and water quality involved in aquatic activities.

Environment as a source of Hazard

Outdoor safety management expert Alan Hale (1984) developed a model called the

Dynamics of Accident Model

It illustrates accident analysis and shows an accident equation that explains reasons that could have led to an accident

Dynamics of accident model