In an emergency, the first thing to do is to remain calm and avoid panic. Remember the acronym _____ when faced with unforeseen situations

DRSABC means

It is a procedure that could potentially save lives especially when done properly, quickly, and accurately.

It is usually performed on people who have stopped breathing and/or their heartbeat has stopped or slowed down which may have occurred during a heart attack and drowning.

CPR consists of a process called ___ which stands for

restore blood circulation

open airway

breath for the person

simply means that your hands will be used to push down the victim’s chest as fast as you can and in a repeated manner

aims to provide immediate care to the injured victims, alleviate pain, minimize further injuries, provide safety to the injured victims and companions, and prolong life

Common Injuries and Illnesses in the Outdoors

Wounds, bruises, and tears may be incurred by rock climbing, scratching oneself, and falling anywhere

Many outdoor enthusiasts may experience a sprain, tension, or fracture. You can slip or twist your knee during a trek or miscalculate your action during the canoeing process.

It is an injury caused by a stretched or torn ligament, a band of tissue fibers that connect bones in the joints

The most common sprain is found in the

It is an injury caused by twisting or pulling a muscle or tendon

It may be caused by a blow to the body or by lifting heavy objects or over-stressing the muscles with improper form when running or jumping.

Depending on the severity of the injury, sprain and strain are categorized by grades:

___ for mild tear or stretch,

for partial tearing of ligaments, tendons, or muscles,

for complete tearing of ligaments, tendons, or muscles.

are the four components used to treat grades I and II injuries

It is a breakage in the bone which may be caused by accidents, falls, or sports injuries.

There are instances where a fractured bone causes punctures in the skin and causes bleeding. This is called an __

It is an injury caused by a blow to the head or neck, which may be critical or traumatic to the brain

The head or face can be seen with cuts or contusions

Some people lose awareness or forget about what happened before the wound

Hikers and trekkers are prone to ___ which may cause pain and discomfort.

are skin wounds caused by contact with a hot liquid or heat

Burn Classification

It is defined as a temporary increase in body temperature. It is one of the ways that the body is telling you that something may be wrong and that it is fighting off an infection.

If the patient has a temperature of ___ or ___ or higher, he or she should take oral medications.

Ailments or Illnesses Commonly Experienced Outdoors

are common during trekking or hiking caused by a lack of protective eyewear from the sun's rays, neck tension and exhaustion, swelling of brain tissue due to excessive sweating for many days, and excessive water intake without taking salt tablets

occurs because the body's ability to transition to higher altitudes outpaces the rate of ascent.

occurs when the body creates or consumes more heat than it can expel

A rise in air temperature, solar or reflected radiation, inadequate clothing circulation, a lack of exercise, and excess bulk or a decreased ratio of skin area to body mass may all contribute to this.

are most common during strenuous exercise in hot weather.

They are painful, spontaneous muscle spasms that are more intense than a normal nighttime leg cramp, with the calves, arms, abdominal wall, and back muscles being affected

The body becomes dehydrated and salt-depleted when water is insufficient to meet the demands of a specific outdoor activity

This causes nausea, dizziness, a quick, weak pulse, and cold, as well as sweaty skin.

The most serious and dangerous stage of hypothermia is

Due to wet, cold, and windy climate, the body chills faster than it can generate heat, resulting in

Inadequate intake of energy-producing food and not wearing enough clothing accelerate

is a severe injury caused by pressure variations between the air-filled cavities of the body and the surrounding water

is a severe deep-water diving injury. It occurs when divers do not adhere to predetermined dive profiles, and may occur after a rapid ascent.

is a potentially fatal medical condition that arises when a scuba diver ascends at a rate faster than recommended.

It is a piece of specialized equipment that simulates the hyperbaric conditions that cause the gases to dissolve.

Fluids build up in the lungs in ___, making breathing extremely difficult

The storage of fluid in the brain causes swelling and changes in a person's mental state when a person gets ___

Humans become a hazard source when threats come from participants or the activity organizers. The threats can be a large number of people in groups participating in an activity, age (such as either too young or too old), lack of skills and physical fitness required for the activity, lack of awareness, information, understanding, and experience, development of negative assumptions, and establishing unrealistic expectations.

Faulty equipment poses great hazards to outdoor activities. It is imperative to check equipment and make sure that each of them undergoes regular maintenance. Equipment includes the essential tools, gears, clothing, and footwear required to perform the outdoor activity.

Hazards associated with outdoor activities include environmental conditions such as harsh weather conditions (associated with a higher level of risks), extreme temperatures, altitude, terrain characteristics, rock stability, and water quality involved in aquatic activities.

Outdoor safety management expert Alan Hale (1984) developed a model called the

It illustrates accident analysis and shows an accident equation that explains reasons that could have led to an accident