問題一覧
1
attempt to explain the phenomenon of
aging as it occurs over the lifespan
– aging is viewed as a total process that begins at conception
theories of aging
2
a change in the behavior of an
organism with age leading to a decreased
power of survival and adjustment
senescence
3
2 human aging
individual aging, population aging
4
✶ begins at conception and ends at death
✶ an individually unique, human lifetime experience
✶ is not a disease nor a catastroph
individual aging
5
Four Processes of Individual Ag
1. Chronological aging 2. Biological aging 3. Psychological aging 4. Sociological aging
6
is the amount of
time that has passed from your birth to
the given date
chronological age
7
is that aging occurs as you gradually
accumulate damage to various cells
and tissues in the body
biological aging
8
an
individual's psychological age is based on whether
they perceive themselves as younger or older than
their chronological age and how this perception
affects health decisions in general
subjective age or age identity
9
Also known as subjective age or age identity
individual aging
10
is concerned with the
social aspects of both individual aging and an aging
society
sociological aging
11
-the “graying” of the population
-the phenomenon where the proportion of older
people to the total population increases steadily
-aging country –if the proportion of people aged
60 and over is at least 7% of the total population
population aging
12
theories of aging: types
biological, psychological, sociological
13
✶ Concerned with answering basic questions
regarding the physiological processes that
occur in all living organisms as they
chronologically age.
✶ explains the physiologic processes that
affects aging
biological theory
14
biological theories: divisions
stochastic, nonstochastic
15
Explain aging as events that occur randomly and
accumulate over time
- View the effects of biologic aging as resulting from
random assaults from both the internal and external
environment
stochastic
16
View aging as certain predetermined, timed
phenomena
- Explain biologic aging as resulting from a complex
predetermined factors or process
nonstochastic
17
Propose that aging is
due to chance.
stochastic theories
18
stochastic theories
✶ Evolutionary Theory ✶ Free Radical Theory ✶ Cross-Linking Theory ✶ Wear & Tear Theory ✶ Biogenterology theory
19
Proposes that a ———— is a highly
reactive atom or molecule that carries an
unpaired electron and thus seeks to
combine with another molecule causing an
“ oxidative process “which can ultimately
disrupt cell membranes and alter DNA and
protein synthesis
free radical or lipofuscin
20
✶ Proposes that cellular division is threatened as a result of radiation or
a chemical reaction in which a —————- agent attaches itself to
the DNA strand and prevents normal parting of the strands during
mitosis.
✶ Some proteins in the body become —————-, thereby not allowing
for normal metabolic activities
✶ Overtime , as these ————- agents accumulate , they form dense
aggregates that impede intracellular transport, body organs and
systems fail
cross linking theory
21
✶ Proposed first in 1882
✶ Cells simply wear out over time because of continued use--rather like
a machine that they lost their ability to function.
✶ These attributes aging to the repeated use and injury of the body
overtime as it performs its highly specialized functions.
✶ Like any complicated machine, the body will function less efficiently
due to prolonged use and numerous abuse such as smoking, poor diet
and substance abuse to name a few.
wear and tear theory
22
This theory is related to genetics and
hypothesize that the differences in the
aging process and longevity occur due to
the interplay between the processes of
mutation and natural selection
evolutionary theory
23
Groups of theories that relate to aging
✶ 1. Mutation Accumulation Theory ✶ 2. Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory ✶ 3. Disposable soma theory
24
✶ Suggest that aging occurs due to a
declining force of natural selection with
age.
✶ Genetic mutations that appear later in life
however will accumulate because the older
individuals they affect will have already
passed these mutations to their offspring
mutation accumulation theory
25
✶ Suggests that accumulated mutant genes
that have negative effects in late life may
have beneficial effects in early life
antagonistic pleiotropy theory
26
✶ Proposes that aging is related to the use of
the body’s energy rather than genetics. It
claims that the body must use energy rather
than the genetics
✶ It claims that the body must use energy for
metabolism, reproduction . Maintenance of
functions
disposable soma theory
27
✶ Hypothesized that“ aging changes result
from a pre determined process”
nonstochastic theories
28
nonstochastic theories
✶ Programmed Cell death theory (apoptosis) ✶ Genetic Theory ✶ Immunity Theory ✶ Neuroendocrine and neurochemical Control (Pacemaker) Theory ✶ Metabolic Theory ( Nutrition Theory)
29
✶ Proposes that there is an impairment in the ability of the
cell to continue dividing
✶ Studies support the idea that people inherit a genetic
program that determines their specific life expectancy.
✶ Cells can only reproduce themselves a limited number of
times.
✶ Life expectancies are seen as preprogrammed within a
species-specific range
programmed cell death theory
30
is the process of programmed
cell death that continuously occurs
throughout life due to biochemical events
apoptosis
31
✶ Proposes declining functional capacity of
the immune system as the basis for aging
✶ Believes that aging is not a passive wearing
out of systems but an active self
destruction mediated by the immune
system
immunity theory
32
The primary organs of the immune system , the ——- and ——— – are believed to be affected by the aging process.
thymus and bone marrow
33
✶ One of the ———- “ the
programmed theory of aging “ advocates
that animals and humans are born with a ——— program or biological clock that
pre determines the life span.
✶ For example , studies have shown the
relationship between parental age and filial
life span
genetic theory
34
holds that genetic mutations are responsible
for aging by causing organ decline as a
result of perpetuating cellular mutations
error theory
35
Propose that aging occurs because of functional decline in
neurons and associated hormones
✶ Main focus of this theory is the functional
changes of the hypothalamic – pituitary
system
✶ there is a decline, or even cessation, in
many of the components of the
neuroendocrine system over the lifespan
Neuroendocrine and neurochemical control theories
36
the female reproductive system is controlled by the
hypothalamus. What are the mechanisms that trigger
changes?
adrenal glands’ DHEA hormone, melatonin
37
a regulator of
biologic rhythms and a powerful antioxidant.
Declines sharply from just after puberty
melatonin
38
✶ The importance of good nutrition throughout life impacts
health and aging.
✶ Obesity is shown to increase the risk of many diseases
and it shortens life.
✶ The importance of good nutrition and the quality of diet is
important as the quantity.
✶ Deficiency of vitamins and other nutrients and the excess
of nutrients such as cholesterol and sugar may cause
various disease process.
✶ Good diet may minimize or eliminate some of the ill
effects of the aging processes
✶ proposes that all organisms have a finite
amount of metabolic lifetime and that
organisms with a higher metabolic rate
have a shorter lifespan”
metabolic theory of aging (nutrition therapy)
39
Describe that aging individual in terms of
his or her social group or cultute
sociologic theories of aging
40
sociologic theories of aging
✶ Disengagement Theory ✶ Activity/Developmental Task Theory ✶ Continuity Theory ✶ Age Stratification Theory ✶ Person-Environment Fit Theory
41
✶ Aging seen as a developmental task in and of itself, with
its own norms & appropriate patterns of behavior
✶ The basis of this theory arises from the fact that human
beings are mortal and eventually leave their place and
role in society.
✶ This theory often reflect the view about older persons at
the time they were developed
✶ Views AGING as a process in which society and the
individual gradually withdraw or disengage from each other to
the mutual satisfaction and benefit of both.
✶ The benefit to individuals is that they can reflect and be
centered on themselves having been freed from societal roles.
disengagement theory
42
who developed disengagement theory
Elaine Cumming & William Henry—1961
43
who created activity theory
✶ Havighurst, Neugarten, Tobin ~1963
44
✶ “Activity by an older person is viewed by this theory as
necessary to maintain a person’s life satisfaction and a
positive self-concept”.
✶ Opposite from the disengagement theory
✶ This theory asserts that an older person should continue
or maintain activity in the presence of multiple losses
associated with the aging process including substituting
intellectual activities for physical activities when physical
capacity is reduced
activity theory
45
✶ Accounts for continuous flow of pahses in
the life cycle and does not limit itself to
change
✶ How a person has been throughout life is how that person
will continue through the remainder of life
✶ Old age is not a separate phase of life, but rather a
continuation and thus an integral component.
✶ It relates personality and predisposition toward certain
actions in old age to similar factors during other phases of
the life cycle.
continuity theory
46
According to this theory, ———- and ——- are said to remain
unchanged as the individual ages
PERSONALITY and BASIC PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR
47
who created age stratification theory
riley—1985
48
✶ This theory suggests that society is stratified by age groups.
✶ It means that persons with a similar age group generally have
similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes and life transitions.
✶ New age groups are continually being formed, thus the
interaction between society and the aging population is
dynamic.
✶ As each group ages, they have their own unique experience
with and influence on society, thus there is a high degree of
interdependence between older adults & society
age stratification theory
49
who created person-environment fit theory
lawton, 1982
50
Individuals have personal competencies
that assist in dealing with the environment
person-environment fit theory
51
psychological theories of aging
✶ Developmental Task theory ✶ Gerotranscendence
52
✶ Explore the mental processes ,
behavior , and feelings of persons
throughout the life span
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING
53
who created developmental task theory
erik erickson— 1963
54
are the challenges that
must be met and adjustments that must be made
in response to life experiences that are part of a
person’s continued growth throughout the life
span.
developmental task
55
Described the process of healthy psychological
aging as a result of the successful fulfillment of
developmental tasks.
✶ Described eight stages through which human
beings progress from infancy to old age.. Each
represents a crisis to be resolved.
developmental task theory
56
Robert Peck detailed three specific challenges facing the
older persons that influence the outcome of ego integrity
versus despair.
Ego differentiation versus role preoccupation Body transcendence versus body preoccupation Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
57
– to
develop satisfactions from oneself as a person rather than
through parental or occupational roles.
Ego differentiation versus role preoccupation
58
– to find
psychological pleasures rather than become absorbed with
health problems or physical limitations imposed by aging
Body transcendence versus body preoccupation
59
– to
achieve satisfaction through reflection on one’s past life
and accomplishments rather than be preoccupied with the
finite number of years left to live
Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
60
✶ The theory that suggests aging entails a transition from a
rational, materialistic, metaperspective to a cosmic and
transcendent vision.
✶ It states that as people age, they are less concerned with
their physical bodies , material possessions, meaningless
relationships and self interest and instead desire a life of
more significance and a greater connection with others
gerotranscendence
61
Nursing Theories of Aging
✶ Functional Consequences Theory ✶ Theory of Thriving ✶ Theory of Successful Aging
62
who created functional consequences theory
miller—2014
63
✶ Aims to promote wellness in older persons which
integrates theories from aging and holistic nursing.
✶ It says that NURSES can promote wellness by addressing
individuals holistically, recognizing the interconnection
of body, mind and spirit.
✶ The consequences of age related changes and risk factors
can result in either positive or negative functional
consequences for older adults.
✶ So interventions that promote wellness and alleviate or
reduce the impact of negative factors, NURSES CAN
PROMOTE positive functional consequences
functional consequences theory
64
✶ This theory propose that everything that impacts people
throughout their lives must be linked to create a holistic
view of aging.
✶ The theory is based on the observation that older persons
experiences failure to thrive with the clinical
characteristics of disconnectedness, inability to find
meaning in life , problems with social relationships and
physical and cognitive dysfunction.
✶ Thriving is possible when harmony exists between a
person and their physical and human environment.
✶ Process of thriving is continuous and enables aging
persons to find meaning in life and adapt to changes
theory of thriving
65
✶ Flood – (2005) = attempt to develop a nursing theory to guide
the care of older persons.
✶ Not only considers successful aging in terms of the older
person’s physical, mental, and spiritual well being, but also
includes the individual’s self appraisal.
✶ Flood hypothesizes that people with high levels of personal
control and a positive affect will experience a high level of
wellness in aging due to their ability to participate in health
promoting activities.
✶ Higher levels of physical health, in turn contribute to deeper
spirituality.
theory of successful aging
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15問 • 1年前問題一覧
1
attempt to explain the phenomenon of
aging as it occurs over the lifespan
– aging is viewed as a total process that begins at conception
theories of aging
2
a change in the behavior of an
organism with age leading to a decreased
power of survival and adjustment
senescence
3
2 human aging
individual aging, population aging
4
✶ begins at conception and ends at death
✶ an individually unique, human lifetime experience
✶ is not a disease nor a catastroph
individual aging
5
Four Processes of Individual Ag
1. Chronological aging 2. Biological aging 3. Psychological aging 4. Sociological aging
6
is the amount of
time that has passed from your birth to
the given date
chronological age
7
is that aging occurs as you gradually
accumulate damage to various cells
and tissues in the body
biological aging
8
an
individual's psychological age is based on whether
they perceive themselves as younger or older than
their chronological age and how this perception
affects health decisions in general
subjective age or age identity
9
Also known as subjective age or age identity
individual aging
10
is concerned with the
social aspects of both individual aging and an aging
society
sociological aging
11
-the “graying” of the population
-the phenomenon where the proportion of older
people to the total population increases steadily
-aging country –if the proportion of people aged
60 and over is at least 7% of the total population
population aging
12
theories of aging: types
biological, psychological, sociological
13
✶ Concerned with answering basic questions
regarding the physiological processes that
occur in all living organisms as they
chronologically age.
✶ explains the physiologic processes that
affects aging
biological theory
14
biological theories: divisions
stochastic, nonstochastic
15
Explain aging as events that occur randomly and
accumulate over time
- View the effects of biologic aging as resulting from
random assaults from both the internal and external
environment
stochastic
16
View aging as certain predetermined, timed
phenomena
- Explain biologic aging as resulting from a complex
predetermined factors or process
nonstochastic
17
Propose that aging is
due to chance.
stochastic theories
18
stochastic theories
✶ Evolutionary Theory ✶ Free Radical Theory ✶ Cross-Linking Theory ✶ Wear & Tear Theory ✶ Biogenterology theory
19
Proposes that a ———— is a highly
reactive atom or molecule that carries an
unpaired electron and thus seeks to
combine with another molecule causing an
“ oxidative process “which can ultimately
disrupt cell membranes and alter DNA and
protein synthesis
free radical or lipofuscin
20
✶ Proposes that cellular division is threatened as a result of radiation or
a chemical reaction in which a —————- agent attaches itself to
the DNA strand and prevents normal parting of the strands during
mitosis.
✶ Some proteins in the body become —————-, thereby not allowing
for normal metabolic activities
✶ Overtime , as these ————- agents accumulate , they form dense
aggregates that impede intracellular transport, body organs and
systems fail
cross linking theory
21
✶ Proposed first in 1882
✶ Cells simply wear out over time because of continued use--rather like
a machine that they lost their ability to function.
✶ These attributes aging to the repeated use and injury of the body
overtime as it performs its highly specialized functions.
✶ Like any complicated machine, the body will function less efficiently
due to prolonged use and numerous abuse such as smoking, poor diet
and substance abuse to name a few.
wear and tear theory
22
This theory is related to genetics and
hypothesize that the differences in the
aging process and longevity occur due to
the interplay between the processes of
mutation and natural selection
evolutionary theory
23
Groups of theories that relate to aging
✶ 1. Mutation Accumulation Theory ✶ 2. Antagonistic Pleiotropy Theory ✶ 3. Disposable soma theory
24
✶ Suggest that aging occurs due to a
declining force of natural selection with
age.
✶ Genetic mutations that appear later in life
however will accumulate because the older
individuals they affect will have already
passed these mutations to their offspring
mutation accumulation theory
25
✶ Suggests that accumulated mutant genes
that have negative effects in late life may
have beneficial effects in early life
antagonistic pleiotropy theory
26
✶ Proposes that aging is related to the use of
the body’s energy rather than genetics. It
claims that the body must use energy rather
than the genetics
✶ It claims that the body must use energy for
metabolism, reproduction . Maintenance of
functions
disposable soma theory
27
✶ Hypothesized that“ aging changes result
from a pre determined process”
nonstochastic theories
28
nonstochastic theories
✶ Programmed Cell death theory (apoptosis) ✶ Genetic Theory ✶ Immunity Theory ✶ Neuroendocrine and neurochemical Control (Pacemaker) Theory ✶ Metabolic Theory ( Nutrition Theory)
29
✶ Proposes that there is an impairment in the ability of the
cell to continue dividing
✶ Studies support the idea that people inherit a genetic
program that determines their specific life expectancy.
✶ Cells can only reproduce themselves a limited number of
times.
✶ Life expectancies are seen as preprogrammed within a
species-specific range
programmed cell death theory
30
is the process of programmed
cell death that continuously occurs
throughout life due to biochemical events
apoptosis
31
✶ Proposes declining functional capacity of
the immune system as the basis for aging
✶ Believes that aging is not a passive wearing
out of systems but an active self
destruction mediated by the immune
system
immunity theory
32
The primary organs of the immune system , the ——- and ——— – are believed to be affected by the aging process.
thymus and bone marrow
33
✶ One of the ———- “ the
programmed theory of aging “ advocates
that animals and humans are born with a ——— program or biological clock that
pre determines the life span.
✶ For example , studies have shown the
relationship between parental age and filial
life span
genetic theory
34
holds that genetic mutations are responsible
for aging by causing organ decline as a
result of perpetuating cellular mutations
error theory
35
Propose that aging occurs because of functional decline in
neurons and associated hormones
✶ Main focus of this theory is the functional
changes of the hypothalamic – pituitary
system
✶ there is a decline, or even cessation, in
many of the components of the
neuroendocrine system over the lifespan
Neuroendocrine and neurochemical control theories
36
the female reproductive system is controlled by the
hypothalamus. What are the mechanisms that trigger
changes?
adrenal glands’ DHEA hormone, melatonin
37
a regulator of
biologic rhythms and a powerful antioxidant.
Declines sharply from just after puberty
melatonin
38
✶ The importance of good nutrition throughout life impacts
health and aging.
✶ Obesity is shown to increase the risk of many diseases
and it shortens life.
✶ The importance of good nutrition and the quality of diet is
important as the quantity.
✶ Deficiency of vitamins and other nutrients and the excess
of nutrients such as cholesterol and sugar may cause
various disease process.
✶ Good diet may minimize or eliminate some of the ill
effects of the aging processes
✶ proposes that all organisms have a finite
amount of metabolic lifetime and that
organisms with a higher metabolic rate
have a shorter lifespan”
metabolic theory of aging (nutrition therapy)
39
Describe that aging individual in terms of
his or her social group or cultute
sociologic theories of aging
40
sociologic theories of aging
✶ Disengagement Theory ✶ Activity/Developmental Task Theory ✶ Continuity Theory ✶ Age Stratification Theory ✶ Person-Environment Fit Theory
41
✶ Aging seen as a developmental task in and of itself, with
its own norms & appropriate patterns of behavior
✶ The basis of this theory arises from the fact that human
beings are mortal and eventually leave their place and
role in society.
✶ This theory often reflect the view about older persons at
the time they were developed
✶ Views AGING as a process in which society and the
individual gradually withdraw or disengage from each other to
the mutual satisfaction and benefit of both.
✶ The benefit to individuals is that they can reflect and be
centered on themselves having been freed from societal roles.
disengagement theory
42
who developed disengagement theory
Elaine Cumming & William Henry—1961
43
who created activity theory
✶ Havighurst, Neugarten, Tobin ~1963
44
✶ “Activity by an older person is viewed by this theory as
necessary to maintain a person’s life satisfaction and a
positive self-concept”.
✶ Opposite from the disengagement theory
✶ This theory asserts that an older person should continue
or maintain activity in the presence of multiple losses
associated with the aging process including substituting
intellectual activities for physical activities when physical
capacity is reduced
activity theory
45
✶ Accounts for continuous flow of pahses in
the life cycle and does not limit itself to
change
✶ How a person has been throughout life is how that person
will continue through the remainder of life
✶ Old age is not a separate phase of life, but rather a
continuation and thus an integral component.
✶ It relates personality and predisposition toward certain
actions in old age to similar factors during other phases of
the life cycle.
continuity theory
46
According to this theory, ———- and ——- are said to remain
unchanged as the individual ages
PERSONALITY and BASIC PATTERNS OF BEHAVIOUR
47
who created age stratification theory
riley—1985
48
✶ This theory suggests that society is stratified by age groups.
✶ It means that persons with a similar age group generally have
similar experiences, beliefs, attitudes and life transitions.
✶ New age groups are continually being formed, thus the
interaction between society and the aging population is
dynamic.
✶ As each group ages, they have their own unique experience
with and influence on society, thus there is a high degree of
interdependence between older adults & society
age stratification theory
49
who created person-environment fit theory
lawton, 1982
50
Individuals have personal competencies
that assist in dealing with the environment
person-environment fit theory
51
psychological theories of aging
✶ Developmental Task theory ✶ Gerotranscendence
52
✶ Explore the mental processes ,
behavior , and feelings of persons
throughout the life span
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES OF AGING
53
who created developmental task theory
erik erickson— 1963
54
are the challenges that
must be met and adjustments that must be made
in response to life experiences that are part of a
person’s continued growth throughout the life
span.
developmental task
55
Described the process of healthy psychological
aging as a result of the successful fulfillment of
developmental tasks.
✶ Described eight stages through which human
beings progress from infancy to old age.. Each
represents a crisis to be resolved.
developmental task theory
56
Robert Peck detailed three specific challenges facing the
older persons that influence the outcome of ego integrity
versus despair.
Ego differentiation versus role preoccupation Body transcendence versus body preoccupation Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
57
– to
develop satisfactions from oneself as a person rather than
through parental or occupational roles.
Ego differentiation versus role preoccupation
58
– to find
psychological pleasures rather than become absorbed with
health problems or physical limitations imposed by aging
Body transcendence versus body preoccupation
59
– to
achieve satisfaction through reflection on one’s past life
and accomplishments rather than be preoccupied with the
finite number of years left to live
Ego transcendence versus ego preoccupation
60
✶ The theory that suggests aging entails a transition from a
rational, materialistic, metaperspective to a cosmic and
transcendent vision.
✶ It states that as people age, they are less concerned with
their physical bodies , material possessions, meaningless
relationships and self interest and instead desire a life of
more significance and a greater connection with others
gerotranscendence
61
Nursing Theories of Aging
✶ Functional Consequences Theory ✶ Theory of Thriving ✶ Theory of Successful Aging
62
who created functional consequences theory
miller—2014
63
✶ Aims to promote wellness in older persons which
integrates theories from aging and holistic nursing.
✶ It says that NURSES can promote wellness by addressing
individuals holistically, recognizing the interconnection
of body, mind and spirit.
✶ The consequences of age related changes and risk factors
can result in either positive or negative functional
consequences for older adults.
✶ So interventions that promote wellness and alleviate or
reduce the impact of negative factors, NURSES CAN
PROMOTE positive functional consequences
functional consequences theory
64
✶ This theory propose that everything that impacts people
throughout their lives must be linked to create a holistic
view of aging.
✶ The theory is based on the observation that older persons
experiences failure to thrive with the clinical
characteristics of disconnectedness, inability to find
meaning in life , problems with social relationships and
physical and cognitive dysfunction.
✶ Thriving is possible when harmony exists between a
person and their physical and human environment.
✶ Process of thriving is continuous and enables aging
persons to find meaning in life and adapt to changes
theory of thriving
65
✶ Flood – (2005) = attempt to develop a nursing theory to guide
the care of older persons.
✶ Not only considers successful aging in terms of the older
person’s physical, mental, and spiritual well being, but also
includes the individual’s self appraisal.
✶ Flood hypothesizes that people with high levels of personal
control and a positive affect will experience a high level of
wellness in aging due to their ability to participate in health
promoting activities.
✶ Higher levels of physical health, in turn contribute to deeper
spirituality.
theory of successful aging