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cause excessive secretion of cortisone
adrenocorticotropic hormone
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Uses protons rather than x-rays to treat certain types of cancer. •Allows doctors to better focus the dose on the tumor with the potential to reduce the dose to nearby healthy tissue
proton beam therapy
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is a non-surgical radiation therapy used to treat functional abnormalities and small tumors of the brain. •It can deliver precisely-targeted radiation in fewer high-dose treatments than traditional therapy, which can help preserve healthy tissue
stereotactic radiosurgery
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A specialized form of 3D-CRT •Radiation is broken into many “beamlets” and the intensity of each can be adjusted individually
intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
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Maintain a distance of at least —— when not performing nursing procedures in radiation protection
3 feet
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is used to relieve the symptoms of locally advanced or metastatic disease, especially when the cancer has spread to the brain, bone, or soft tissue, or to treat oncologic emergencies, such as superior vena cava syndrome, bronchial airway obstruction, or spinal cord compression.
palliative radiation therapy
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is used to treat cancers of the uterus and cervix. The radioisotope is placed in the body cavity, generally for 24 to 72 hrs
intracavity rt
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types of radiation therapy
externally, internally
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laboratory tests
– Complete blood cell count (CBC) – Tumor markers – identify substance (specific proteins) in the blood that are made by the tumor • PSA (Prostatic-specific antigen): prostate cancer • CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen): colon cancer • Alkaline Phosphatase: bone metastasis
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Places radioactive material into tumor or surrounding tissue •Also called Brachytherapy – brachy Greek for “short distance” •Radiation sources placed close to the tumor so large doses can hit the cancer cells
internal radiation therapy
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types of surgery
1. Diagnostic Surgery 2. Prophylactic Surgery 3. Palliative Surgery 4. Reconstructive Surgery
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the radioisotope is placed in needles, beads, seeds, ribbons, or catheters, which are then implanted directly into the tumor
interstitial therapy
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The range of possible treatment goals includes
cure control palliation
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involves screening and early detection activities that seek to identify precancerous lesions and early-stage cancer in individuals who lack signs and symptoms of cancer
secondary prevention
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warning signs of cancer
– Change in bowel or bladder habits – A sore that does not heal – Unusual bleeding or discharge – Thickenings or lumps – Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing – Obvious change in a wart or mole – Nagging or persistent cough or hoarseness – Unexplained anemia – Sudden unexplained weight loss
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major types of internal radiation therapy
sealed source, unsealed source
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PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION
distance, time, shielding
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major concern of clients and families associated with cancer
pain
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specialized types of external beam radiation therapy
three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy intensity modulated radiation therapy proton beam therapy neutron beam therapy stereotactic radiotherapy
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side effects of radiation therapy
skin reactions, infection, hemorrhage, fatigue, weight loss, stomatitis and xerostomia, diarrhea nausea and vomiting headache alopecia cystitis, social isolation
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lab test for prostate cancer
PSA (Prostatic-specific antigen)
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prevention of cancer
primary, secondary, tertiary prevention
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This is administered through a high – energy X-ray or gamma x-ray machine* •The major advantage of high-energy radiation is its skin – sparing effect.*
external radiation therapy
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radiation therapy is used in two different ways
to cure cancer, to reduce symptoms
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A specialized form of radiation therapy that can be used to treat certain tumors that are very difficult to kill using conventional radiation therapy
neutron beam therapy
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which includes prolonged survival and containment of cancer cell growth
control
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uses of surgery
1. Treat the primary cancer 2.To remove isolated metastatic masses 3.To make other methods of treatment possible 4. Diagnosis and Staging 5. Reconstruct anatomical defects to improve function, cosmetic appearance, and quality of life 6. Prevention 7. Treat complication 8. Debulking 9. Surgical removal of a source of hormone
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about reducing the risks of disease through health promotion and risk reduction strategies.
primary prevention
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•is the oldest form of local cancer treatment & in the early days it was the only effective method of cancer diagnosis. • Still provides the best chance of cure for most patients with solid tumors
surgery
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is the most commonly used form of radiation therapy
EBRT -external beam radiation therapy
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the radioisotope is placed within or near the tumor.* - is used for both intracavitary and interstitial therapy
sealed source
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a complete eradication of malignant disease
cure
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This technique allows the radiation oncologist to precisely focus beams of radiation to destroy certain tumors, sometimes in only one treatment
stereotactic radiotherapy
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The radioisotopes may be administered intravenously, orally or by instillation directly into the body cavity.
unsealed source
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with or without chemotherapy, is used to reduce tumor size in order to facilitate surgical resection.
neoadjuvant therapy
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physical assessment
inspection, palpation, auscultation
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lab test for colon cancer
CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)
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efforts focus on monitoring for and preventing recurrence of the primary cancer as well as screening for the development of second malignancies in cancer survivors.
tertiary prevention
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body tries to respond and destroy neoplasm
physical stress
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which involves relief of symptoms associated with the disease and improvement of quality of life
palliation
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can be due to obstruction or pressure
disruption of function
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Uses CT or MRI scans to create a 3-D picture of the tumor. •Beams are precisely directed to avoid radiating normal tissue
three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)
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ectopic sites with excess hormone production
paraneoplastic syndrome
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lab test for bone metastasis
Alkaline Phosphatase
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Staff members caring for the client with internal RT should wear ———- while in the client’s room.
radiation dosimeter badge
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can impair function of blood cells
hematologic alterations
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Is a local treatment modality for cancer and it is the destruction of cancer cells by ionizing radiation •Purpose: is to destroy malignant cells which are more sensitive to radiation than are normal cells without permanent damage to adjacent body tissues
radiation therapy