effects of cancer quiz 2

47問 • 1年前

Julia Torre

通報

問題一覧

can be due to obstruction or pressure

disruption of function

can impair function of blood cells

hematologic alterations

ectopic sites with excess hormone production

paraneoplastic syndrome

cause excessive secretion of cortisone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

major concern of clients and families associated with cancer

pain

body tries to respond and destroy neoplasm

physical stress

warning signs of cancer

– Change in bowel or bladder habits – A sore that does not heal – Unusual bleeding or discharge – Thickenings or lumps – Indigestion or difficulty in swallowing – Obvious change in a wart or mole – Nagging or persistent cough or hoarseness – Unexplained anemia – Sudden unexplained weight loss

physical assessment

inspection, palpation, auscultation

laboratory tests

– Complete blood cell count (CBC) – Tumor markers – identify substance (specific proteins) in the blood that are made by the tumor • PSA (Prostatic-specific antigen): prostate cancer • CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen): colon cancer • Alkaline Phosphatase: bone metastasis

lab test for prostate cancer

PSA (Prostatic-specific antigen)

lab test for colon cancer

CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)

lab test for bone metastasis

Alkaline Phosphatase

prevention of cancer

primary, secondary, tertiary prevention

about reducing the risks of disease through health promotion and risk reduction strategies.

primary prevention

involves screening and early detection activities that seek to identify precancerous lesions and early-stage cancer in individuals who lack signs and symptoms of cancer

secondary prevention

efforts focus on monitoring for and preventing recurrence of the primary cancer as well as screening for the development of second malignancies in cancer survivors.

tertiary prevention

The range of possible treatment goals includes

cure control palliation

a complete eradication of malignant disease

cure

which includes prolonged survival and containment of cancer cell growth

control

which involves relief of symptoms associated with the disease and improvement of quality of life

palliation

•is the oldest form of local cancer treatment & in the early days it was the only effective method of cancer diagnosis. • Still provides the best chance of cure for most patients with solid tumors

surgery

uses of surgery

1. Treat the primary cancer 2.To remove isolated metastatic masses 3.To make other methods of treatment possible 4. Diagnosis and Staging 5. Reconstruct anatomical defects to improve function, cosmetic appearance, and quality of life 6. Prevention 7. Treat complication 8. Debulking 9. Surgical removal of a source of hormone

types of surgery

1. Diagnostic Surgery 2. Prophylactic Surgery 3. Palliative Surgery 4. Reconstructive Surgery

Is a local treatment modality for cancer and it is the destruction of cancer cells by ionizing radiation •Purpose: is to destroy malignant cells which are more sensitive to radiation than are normal cells without permanent damage to adjacent body tissues

radiation therapy

with or without chemotherapy, is used to reduce tumor size in order to facilitate surgical resection.

neoadjuvant therapy

is used to relieve the symptoms of locally advanced or metastatic disease, especially when the cancer has spread to the brain, bone, or soft tissue, or to treat oncologic emergencies, such as superior vena cava syndrome, bronchial airway obstruction, or spinal cord compression.

palliative radiation therapy

radiation therapy is used in two different ways

to cure cancer, to reduce symptoms

types of radiation therapy

externally, internally

This is administered through a high – energy X-ray or gamma x-ray machine* •The major advantage of high-energy radiation is its skin – sparing effect.*

external radiation therapy

is the most commonly used form of radiation therapy

EBRT -external beam radiation therapy

Uses CT or MRI scans to create a 3-D picture of the tumor. •Beams are precisely directed to avoid radiating normal tissue

three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)

A specialized form of 3D-CRT •Radiation is broken into many “beamlets” and the intensity of each can be adjusted individually

intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

Uses protons rather than x-rays to treat certain types of cancer. •Allows doctors to better focus the dose on the tumor with the potential to reduce the dose to nearby healthy tissue

proton beam therapy

A specialized form of radiation therapy that can be used to treat certain tumors that are very difficult to kill using conventional radiation therapy

neutron beam therapy

This technique allows the radiation oncologist to precisely focus beams of radiation to destroy certain tumors, sometimes in only one treatment

stereotactic radiotherapy

is a non-surgical radiation therapy used to treat functional abnormalities and small tumors of the brain. •It can deliver precisely-targeted radiation in fewer high-dose treatments than traditional therapy, which can help preserve healthy tissue

stereotactic radiosurgery

Places radioactive material into tumor or surrounding tissue •Also called Brachytherapy – brachy Greek for “short distance” •Radiation sources placed close to the tumor so large doses can hit the cancer cells

internal radiation therapy

major types of internal radiation therapy

sealed source, unsealed source

the radioisotope is placed within or near the tumor.* - is used for both intracavitary and interstitial therapy

sealed source

is used to treat cancers of the uterus and cervix. The radioisotope is placed in the body cavity, generally for 24 to 72 hrs

intracavity rt

the radioisotope is placed in needles, beads, seeds, ribbons, or catheters, which are then implanted directly into the tumor

interstitial therapy

The radioisotopes may be administered intravenously, orally or by instillation directly into the body cavity.

unsealed source

PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION

distance, time, shielding

Maintain a distance of at least —— when not performing nursing procedures in radiation protection

3 feet

Staff members caring for the client with internal RT should wear ———- while in the client’s room.

radiation dosimeter badge

side effects of radiation therapy

skin reactions, infection, hemorrhage, fatigue, weight loss, stomatitis and xerostomia, diarrhea nausea and vomiting headache alopecia cystitis, social isolation

specialized types of external beam radiation therapy

three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy intensity modulated radiation therapy proton beam therapy neutron beam therapy stereotactic radiotherapy

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問題一覧

can be due to obstruction or pressure

disruption of function

can impair function of blood cells

hematologic alterations

ectopic sites with excess hormone production

paraneoplastic syndrome

cause excessive secretion of cortisone

adrenocorticotropic hormone

major concern of clients and families associated with cancer

pain

body tries to respond and destroy neoplasm

physical stress

warning signs of cancer

physical assessment

inspection, palpation, auscultation

laboratory tests

lab test for prostate cancer

PSA (Prostatic-specific antigen)

lab test for colon cancer

CEA (Carcinoembryonic antigen)

lab test for bone metastasis

Alkaline Phosphatase

prevention of cancer

primary, secondary, tertiary prevention

about reducing the risks of disease through health promotion and risk reduction strategies.

primary prevention

involves screening and early detection activities that seek to identify precancerous lesions and early-stage cancer in individuals who lack signs and symptoms of cancer

secondary prevention

efforts focus on monitoring for and preventing recurrence of the primary cancer as well as screening for the development of second malignancies in cancer survivors.

tertiary prevention

The range of possible treatment goals includes

cure control palliation

a complete eradication of malignant disease

cure

which includes prolonged survival and containment of cancer cell growth

control

which involves relief of symptoms associated with the disease and improvement of quality of life

palliation

surgery

uses of surgery

types of surgery

1. Diagnostic Surgery 2. Prophylactic Surgery 3. Palliative Surgery 4. Reconstructive Surgery

radiation therapy

with or without chemotherapy, is used to reduce tumor size in order to facilitate surgical resection.

neoadjuvant therapy

palliative radiation therapy

radiation therapy is used in two different ways

to cure cancer, to reduce symptoms

types of radiation therapy

externally, internally

This is administered through a high – energy X-ray or gamma x-ray machine* •The major advantage of high-energy radiation is its skin – sparing effect.*

external radiation therapy

is the most commonly used form of radiation therapy

EBRT -external beam radiation therapy

Uses CT or MRI scans to create a 3-D picture of the tumor. •Beams are precisely directed to avoid radiating normal tissue

three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT)

A specialized form of 3D-CRT •Radiation is broken into many “beamlets” and the intensity of each can be adjusted individually

intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)

Uses protons rather than x-rays to treat certain types of cancer. •Allows doctors to better focus the dose on the tumor with the potential to reduce the dose to nearby healthy tissue

proton beam therapy

A specialized form of radiation therapy that can be used to treat certain tumors that are very difficult to kill using conventional radiation therapy

neutron beam therapy

This technique allows the radiation oncologist to precisely focus beams of radiation to destroy certain tumors, sometimes in only one treatment

stereotactic radiotherapy

stereotactic radiosurgery

internal radiation therapy

major types of internal radiation therapy

sealed source, unsealed source

the radioisotope is placed within or near the tumor.* - is used for both intracavitary and interstitial therapy

sealed source

is used to treat cancers of the uterus and cervix. The radioisotope is placed in the body cavity, generally for 24 to 72 hrs

intracavity rt

the radioisotope is placed in needles, beads, seeds, ribbons, or catheters, which are then implanted directly into the tumor

interstitial therapy

The radioisotopes may be administered intravenously, orally or by instillation directly into the body cavity.

unsealed source

PRINCIPLES OF RADIATION PROTECTION

distance, time, shielding

Maintain a distance of at least —— when not performing nursing procedures in radiation protection

3 feet

Staff members caring for the client with internal RT should wear ———- while in the client’s room.

radiation dosimeter badge

side effects of radiation therapy

skin reactions, infection, hemorrhage, fatigue, weight loss, stomatitis and xerostomia, diarrhea nausea and vomiting headache alopecia cystitis, social isolation

specialized types of external beam radiation therapy

three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy intensity modulated radiation therapy proton beam therapy neutron beam therapy stereotactic radiotherapy