ncm113 quiz 1

47問 • 1年前

Julia Torre

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is the synthesis of nursing practice and public health practice.

community health nursing

The major goal of public health nursing

- to preserve the health of the community and surrounding populations by focusing on health promotion and health maintenance of individuals, families, and groups within the community

which entitles all people to basic necessities such as adequate income and health protection and accepts collective burdens to make it possible

social justice

with its egalitarian tradition and vision, often conflicts with the predominant U.S. model of market justice that largely entitles people to what they have gained through individual efforts.

public health

define health acc. to who

a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

social acc. to who

of or relating to living together in organized groups or similar close aggregates

connotes community vitality and is a result of positive interaction among groups within the community with an emphasis on health promotion and illness prevention.

social health

as “a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging” (Allender, Rector, and Warner, 2013, p. 6); - “a group of people who share something in common and interact with one another, who may exhibit a commitment with one another and may share a geographic boundary” (Lundy and Janes, 2009, p. 16); - “a locality-based entity, composed of systems of formal organizations reflecting society’s institutions, informal groups and aggregates” (Shuster, 2012, p. 398). - _____ and identified three defining attributes: people, place, and social interaction or common characteristics, interests, or goals Maurer and Smith (2013). is seen as a group or collection of individuals interacting in social units and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and goals (McEwen & Niez, 2019).

community

is a type of phenomenological community. - a collection of people who form a group specifically to address a common need or concern

community of solution

are related terms that are often used in public health and community health nursing.

population and aggregate

is typically used to denote a group of people having common personal or environmental characteristics. It can also refer to all of the people in a defined community (Maurer and Smith, 2013).

population

are subgroups or subpopulations that have some common characteristics or concerns

aggregates

steps of nursing process

assessment, diagnosis, planning, implemntation, evaluation

determinants of health and disease

* Health care access, * Economic conditions, *Social and environmental issues, * Cultural practices,

are used by health providers, policy makers, and community health nurses to measure the health of the community.

health indicators

common indicators of health and illness

• life expectancy, • infant mortality, • age-adjusted death rates, and • cancer incidence rates.

The health care delivery system is constantly adapting to changes in health care needs and expectations.

a. Shifting population demographics; b. changing patterns of disease and wellness; c. advances in technology and genetics; and d. greater emphasis on health care quality, costs, reform efforts, and interprofessional collaborative practices have impacted health care delivery and the practice of nursing.

is the Science and Art of (1) preventing disease, (2) prolonging life, and (3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort

public health

C. E. Winslow is known for the following classic definition of public health:

Public health is the Science and Art of (1) preventing disease, (2) prolonging life, and (3) promoting health and efficiency through organized community effort for:

(a) sanitation of the environment, (b) control of communicable infections, (c) education of the individual in personal hygiene, (d) organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease, and (e) development of the social machinery to ensure everyone a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health, so organizing these benefits as to enable every citizen to realize his birthright of health and longevity. (Hanlon, 1960, p. 23)

Three Primary Functions of Public Health (The Institute of Medicine (IOM) (1988)

1. assessment, 2. assurance, and 3. policy development

Regular collection, analysis, and information sharing about health conditions, risks, and resources in a community.

assessment

Use of information gathered during assessment to develop local and state health policies and to direct resources toward those policies.

policy development

Focuses on the availability of necessary health services throughout the community. It includes maintaining the ability of both public health agencies and private providers to manage day- to-day operations and the capacity to respond to critical situations

assurance

Three Levels of Prevention commonly described in nursing practice Leavell and Clark (1958):

primary prevention- Prevention of problems before they occur Example: Immunization secondary prevention- Early detection and intervention Example: Screening for sexually transmitted disease tertiary prevention- Correction and prevention of deterioration of a disease state Example: Teaching insulin administration in the home

directed at preventing a problem before it occurs by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals.

primary prevention

Primary Prevention Consists Of Two Elements:

• general health promotion • specific protection

Aims of Tertiary Prevention Are

1. to keep health problems from getting worse, 2. to reduce the effects of disease and injury, and 3. to restore individuals to their optimal level of functioning (Keller et al, 2004b; McEwen and Pullis, 2009).

refers to “application of the nursing process in caring for individuals, families and groups where they live, work or go to school or as they move through the health care system” (McEwen and Pullis, 2009, p. 6).

community based nursing practice

is setting-specific, and the emphasis is on acute and chronic care and includes such practice areas as home health nursing and nursing in outpatient or ambulatory settings.

community based nursing

Describes and monitors health events through ongoing and systematic collection analvsis,and interpretation of health data for the purpose of planning,implementing, and evaluating public health interventions

surveillance

Systematically gathers and analyzes data regarding threats to the health of populations, ascertains the source of the threat, identifies cases and others at risk, and determines control measures

Disease and other health event investigation

Locates populations of interest or populations at risk and provides information about the nature of the concern, what can be done about it, and how services can be obtained

outreach

Identifies individuals with unrecognized health risk factors or asymptomatic disease conditions

screening

Locates individuals and families with identified risk factors and connects them with resources

case finding

Assists individuals, families, groups, organizations, and/or communities to identify and access necessary resources to prevent or resolve problems or concerns

referral and follow up

Optimizes self-care capabilities of individuals and families and the capacity of systems and communities to coordinate and provide services

case management

Carries out direct care tasks under the authority of a health care practitioner as allowed by law

delegated function

Communicates facts, ideas, and skills that change knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of individuals, families, systems, and/or communities

health teaching

Establishes an interpersonal relationship with a community, a system, and a family or individual, with the intention of increasing or enhancing their capacity for self-care and coping

counseling

Seeks information and generates optional solutions to perceived problems or issues through interactive problem solving with a community system and family or individual

consultation

Commits two or more persons or organizations to achieve a common goal through enhancing the capacity of one or more of the members to promote and protect health

collaboration

Promotes and develops alliances among organizations or constituencies for a common purpose

coalition building

Helps community groups to identify common problems or goals, mobilize resources, and develop and implement strategies for realizing the goals they collectively have set

advocacy

Pleads someone's cause or acts on someone's behalf, with a focus on developing the community, system, and individual or family's capacity to plead their own cause or act on their own behalf

advocacy

Utilizes commercial marketing principles and technologies for programs designed to influence the knowledge, attitudes, values, beliefs, behaviors, and practices of the population of interest

social marketing

Places health issues on decision makers' agendas, acquires a plan of resolution, and determines needed resources, resulting in laws, rules, regulations, ordinances, and policies.

policy development and enforcement

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