is a common health problem worldwide

The leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States in order of frequency and location in men

The leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States in order of frequency and location in women

The most common cancers are in the

is one of four epidemic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) or lifestyle-related illnesses (LRDs)

Cancer is one of four epidemic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) or lifestyle-related illnesses (LRDs), which include

are now regarded as a massive "silent disaster"

Situated in the nucleus is the genetic material or

fundamental building block for life.

is made up of subunits called genes

Each gene is coded for a specific product such as

Some important genes in the context of cellular proliferation include:

gene involved in normal cell growth.

a type of gene that makes a protein called a tumour suppressor protein that helps control cell growth.

The process by which cells grow and divide to replenish lost cells

the replication of genetic material and cell division are all governed by the cell cycle

a highly-ordered series of events that culminates in mitosis

Progression through the cell cycle depends on successful passage through a number of critical phases

resting stage, when a cell leaves the cell cycle, either temporarily or permanently. Often, they will never reenter the cell but instead will carry out their function in the organism until they die.

Phase includes growth and prep of chromosomes for replication.

Phase is where DNA replication occurs.

Phase includes preparation for mitosis.

Phase is where nuclear and cytoplasmic division occur.

4 phases of mitosis

The mechanism for regulating the removal of excess and impaired cells. Also referred to as cell suicide or programmed cell death. Is an orderly process during which internal cellular structures are progressively dismantled, the impaired cell shrinks and finally is rapidly destroyed by immune cells

The process by which normal, healthy cells transform into cancer cells.

Malignant transformation, or carcinogenesis, has three step cellular process

Agents that initiate or promote malignant transformation

proliferative patterns of cells

An increase in the number of new cells in an organ or tissue It causes the affected tissue or organ to enlarge.

Is a condition where cells grow abnormally in size, shape or organization and may become cancerous overtime.

refers to the replacement of a mature, differentiated cell type by another mature, differentiated cell type that does not typically occur in the tissue in which it is found

is a term used to describe cells that have lost the unique characteristics that define them as a certain tissue type

Means new growth but not the good kind. It is the abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of cells or tissues in the body. Can be benign or malignant, depending on whether it stays localized or invades and spreads to other organs

classification of tumors

gland

cartilage

red blood cell

blood vessels

liver

fat

lymphocyte

pigment cell

bone marrow

muscle

common carcinomas

common leukemia

common lymphoma

some common sarcomas

etiology/causative factors

may be one of the multiple agents acting to initiate carcinogenesis

Viral infections that increase risk of certain forms of cancer

is one bacterium identified as a cause of cancer in humans – associated with incidence of gastric malignancy related to chronic superficial gastritis with resultant metaplastic changes to the gastric mucosa

These factors act by causing cell mutation or alteration in cell enzymes and proteins causing altered cell replication

examples of chemical agents

is the main cause of lung cancer and contributes to many other kinds of cancer as well

_____ and _____act by damaging genes, viruses introduce their own genes into cells, and _____ passes on alterations in genes that make a person more susceptible to cancer

Examples of gene related cancer

a rare malignant tumor of the retina, affecting young children

a small vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing irregular secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to attacks of raised blood pressure, palpitations, and headache

is a type of cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children.

what is wilm’s tumor name after

is a malignant tumor of blood vessels located in the skin. This type of cancer is not directly caused by HIV infectin

HIV causes an immune deficiency that makes people more susceptible to viral infection. Infection by a virus called _______ then appears to stimulate the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma

Tumor growth may be promoted by disturbances in hormonal balance, either by the body’s own (endogenous) hormone production or by administration of exogenous hormones.

cause vaginal carcinomas

Associated with an increased risk of breast cancer