epidemiology quiz 1

67問 • 1年前

Julia Torre

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is a common health problem worldwide

cancer

The leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States in order of frequency and location in men

lung, prostate, and colorectal cancer

The leading causes of cancer-related death in the United States in order of frequency and location in women

lung, breast, and colorectal cancer

The most common cancers are in the

lungs, breast, colon, rectum, and prostate.

is one of four epidemic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) or lifestyle-related illnesses (LRDs)

cancer

Cancer is one of four epidemic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) or lifestyle-related illnesses (LRDs), which include

CVD, type 2 diabetes, chronic respiratory disease

are now regarded as a massive "silent disaster"

NCDs

Situated in the nucleus is the genetic material or

DNA

fundamental building block for life.

DNA

is made up of subunits called genes

DNA

Each gene is coded for a specific product such as

protein and enzyme

Some important genes in the context of cellular proliferation include:

proto-oncogenes, tumor supressor genes

gene involved in normal cell growth.

proto-oncogenes

a type of gene that makes a protein called a tumour suppressor protein that helps control cell growth.

tumor supressor genes

The process by which cells grow and divide to replenish lost cells

cell proliferation

the replication of genetic material and cell division are all governed by the cell cycle

cell growth

a highly-ordered series of events that culminates in mitosis

cell cycle

Progression through the cell cycle depends on successful passage through a number of critical phases

checkpoints

resting stage, when a cell leaves the cell cycle, either temporarily or permanently. Often, they will never reenter the cell but instead will carry out their function in the organism until they die.

gap 0

Phase includes growth and prep of chromosomes for replication.

gap 1

Phase is where DNA replication occurs.

synthesis

Phase includes preparation for mitosis.

gap 2

Phase is where nuclear and cytoplasmic division occur.

mitosis

4 phases of mitosis

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

The mechanism for regulating the removal of excess and impaired cells. Also referred to as cell suicide or programmed cell death. Is an orderly process during which internal cellular structures are progressively dismantled, the impaired cell shrinks and finally is rapidly destroyed by immune cells

apoptosis

The process by which normal, healthy cells transform into cancer cells.

carcinogenesis

Malignant transformation, or carcinogenesis, has three step cellular process

initiation, promotion, progression

Agents that initiate or promote malignant transformation

carcinogens

proliferative patterns of cells

hyperplasia, dysplasia, metaplasia, anaplasia, neoplasia

An increase in the number of new cells in an organ or tissue It causes the affected tissue or organ to enlarge.

hyperplasia

Is a condition where cells grow abnormally in size, shape or organization and may become cancerous overtime.

dysplasia

refers to the replacement of a mature, differentiated cell type by another mature, differentiated cell type that does not typically occur in the tissue in which it is found

metaplasia

is a term used to describe cells that have lost the unique characteristics that define them as a certain tissue type

anaplasia

Means new growth but not the good kind. It is the abnormal and uncontrolled proliferation of cells or tissues in the body. Can be benign or malignant, depending on whether it stays localized or invades and spreads to other organs

neoplasia

classification of tumors

carcinoma, sarcoma, lymphomas and leukemias, nervous tissue tumors, myeloma

gland

adeno

cartilage

chrondo

red blood cell

erythro

blood vessels

hemangio

liver

hepato

fat

lipo

lymphocyte

lympho

pigment cell

melano

bone marrow

myelo

muscle

myo

common carcinomas

lung, breast, colon, bladder prostate

common leukemia

bloodstream

common lymphoma

lymph nodes

some common sarcomas

fat, bone, muscle

etiology/causative factors

viruses and bacteria, chemical carcinogens, dietary factors, physical stressors, hormonal factors, genetic and familial factors

may be one of the multiple agents acting to initiate carcinogenesis

oncogenic viruses

Viral infections that increase risk of certain forms of cancer

human papilloma virus(cervial cancer), epstein-barr virus(lymphoma and nasopharyngeal cancer, hep b and c(hepatocelluar cancer)

is one bacterium identified as a cause of cancer in humans – associated with incidence of gastric malignancy related to chronic superficial gastritis with resultant metaplastic changes to the gastric mucosa

helicobater pylori

These factors act by causing cell mutation or alteration in cell enzymes and proteins causing altered cell replication

chemical agents

examples of chemical agents

❑ Vinyl Chloride (used for plastic manufacture, asbestos factories, construction works) ❑ Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (such as from refuse burning, auto and truck emissions, oil refineries, air pollution) ❑Arsenic, soot and tars ❑ Fertilizers, weed killers (pesticides) ❑ formaldehydes

is the main cause of lung cancer and contributes to many other kinds of cancer as well

cigarette smoking

_____ and _____act by damaging genes, viruses introduce their own genes into cells, and _____ passes on alterations in genes that make a person more susceptible to cancer

chemicals and radiation, heredity

Examples of gene related cancer

Retinoblastoma, pheochromocytoma, Wilm’s tumor, lung cancer, breast cancer

a rare malignant tumor of the retina, affecting young children

retinoblastoma

a small vascular tumor of the adrenal medulla, causing irregular secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine, leading to attacks of raised blood pressure, palpitations, and headache

pheochromocytoma

is a type of cancer that starts in the kidneys. It is the most common type of kidney cancer in children.

wilm’s tumor

what is wilm’s tumor name after

max wilms

is a malignant tumor of blood vessels located in the skin. This type of cancer is not directly caused by HIV infectin

kaposi’s sarcoma

HIV causes an immune deficiency that makes people more susceptible to viral infection. Infection by a virus called _______ then appears to stimulate the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma

KSHV (Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus)

Tumor growth may be promoted by disturbances in hormonal balance, either by the body’s own (endogenous) hormone production or by administration of exogenous hormones.

hormonal agents

cause vaginal carcinomas

DIETHYLSTILBESTROL

Associated with an increased risk of breast cancer

✔ Early onset of menses before age 12 ✔ Delayed onset of menopause after age 55, ✔ nulliparity (never giving birth), ✔ delayed childbirth after age 30

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