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2:4:2 Impact of climate change
66問 • 1年前
  • Clai Elizabeth
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    Which areas are warming fastest

    High altitudes and latitudes

  • 2

    Where are prolongued droughts more prevalent

    Arid and semi arid areas

  • 3

    Where is increased flooding ore prevalent

    Mid to high latitudes

  • 4

    Why are plants of particular importance to climate change?

    They are major regulators of global climate and are a keystone of the climate cycle

  • 5

    Why are forests especially important in the Carbon Cycle

    They act as carbon sinks by soaking up CO² and storing it in biomas and soils

  • 6

    Why is plant diversity important

    Underpins all terrestrial ecosystems upon which life depends

  • 7

    Why is loss of plant biodiversity bad Changes in Changes in Loss of

    Changes in species compositions, Changes in ecosystem structures, Loss of essential ecosystem services

  • 8

    Models of future plant distributions indicate that a temperature rise of _______ over the next hundred years could result in _____ the world's plant species being threatened with extinction

    Models of future plant distributions indicate that a temperature rise of 2-3C over the next hundred years could result in half the world's plant species being threatened with extinction

  • 9

    Which plant types are of grave cncern in climate change because they have nowhere to go?

    Alpine and island endemic species

  • 10

    Who will be disproportionately affected by climate change

    Rural poor who rely on wild plant resources, Food-insecure relying on agro-ecosystems in tropical Africa and Asia

  • 11

    Increased levels of CO² in the atmosphere can _________ plant productivity, as long as other factors are not _________. However, this will be a ____________ effect as plants adapt to climate change

    Increased levels of CO² in the atmosphere can increase plant productivity, as long as other factors are not limiting. However, this will be a temporary effect as plants adapt to climate change

  • 12

    In some species, as CO² increases, the number of stomata on the leaves

    Decreases

  • 13

    What do herbarium records show about changes in stomata numbers over time?

    Plants collected during the early industrial revolution have more stomata than present day

  • 14

    Why might plants loose stomata with increasing CO²? Two theories

    Conserving water is more important that taking in CO², Fewer stomata needed to take in equivalent amount of CO²

  • 15

    Although CO² initially enhances plant growth rates, in some reasons the effect of increased drought will lead to

    Lower growth overall

  • 16

    What affect on leaves does increased CO2 have over genrations?

    Fewer stomata, Increased thickness, Increased area

  • 17

    Increased levels of CO² may allow plants to become more ______ ______. However, reduced water flow through the plant can reduce the _______ _______ of vegetation

    Increased levels of CO² may allow plants to become more water efficient. However, reduced water flow through the plant can reduce the cooling effect of vegetation

  • 18

    TReduced plant growth leads to

    Reduced carbon storing

  • 19

    Reduced transpiration leads to

    less water extracted from the soil

  • 20

    Increased temperature can cause plant __________ rates to increase relative to _________________ resulting in no ____ ______ in biomas production so plants eventually become a source of CO²

    Increased temperature can cause plant respiration rates to increase relative to photosynthesis resulting in no net gain in biomas production so plants eventually become a source of CO²

  • 21

    The drought and high temperatures in Europe in _____ caused _____ _____ and this reduced __________ productivity by 30%

    The drought and high temperatures in Europe in 2003 caused water stress and this reduced primary productivity by 30%

  • 22

    What is primary productivity

    The growth of a plant measured as biomass

  • 23

    The initial increase in Nitrogen uptake by plants in response to elevated CO² leads to Which is a

    Nitrogen-poor soils, Limiting factor

  • 24

    Why not to add nitrogen fertilisers to boost nitrogen-poor soils

    Releases nitrous oxide a greenhouse gas

  • 25

    How does nitrogen fertiliser produce N²O nitrous oxide?

    Bacteria in soil

  • 26

    N²O has a warming potential how many times more than CO²?

    200x

  • 27

    What do rising temperatures mean for the growing season

    It will get longer

  • 28

    Which key biological processes will be affected by a longer growing season

    Earlier budburst, Delayed autumn leaf fall, Extended flowering

  • 29

    Spring has advanced how much in Europe per decade What has the autumn delay been per decade?

    2.5 days per decade, 2 days per decade

  • 30

    Royal Botanic Gardens Kew has shown an increasing length of flowering period in what flower? In ______ they opened ___ ______ earlier than average

    Daffodils, 2008, 11 days

  • 31

    How does late summer heat delay leaf fall How can this be seen?

    Frosts trigger chlorophyll in leaves to degrade, In New England autumn leaf colour has dulled

  • 32

    Name two plants whose dormancy might be affected by temperature change One that goes dormant in winter One that goes dormant in summer

    Hostas go dormant in winter, Cyclamen go dormant in summer

  • 33

    Name a plant that requires heavy frost and explain why it needs frost

    Ribes nigrum, So buds break evenly producing an even ripeness to fruit

  • 34

    Mild winters have caused what to decline with Ribes nigrum in England?

    Harvests, Fruit quality, Juice yields

  • 35

    How have horticulturalists been tackling the decline in Ribes nigrum quality and how long does it roughly for these to bear fruit

    New varieties, 16 years

  • 36

    Malus - different cultivars require a different what to produce buds?

    Cumulative hours of cold during winter

  • 37

    Increasing global temperatures increase what air quality that will decrease transpiration?

    Humidity

  • 38

    What do plants require between the air and the leaf to be able to transpire

    A water concentration gradient

  • 39

    If leaves cannot release water into the air there is no And what cannot happen

    Transpiration pull, Nutrient uptake

  • 40

    If a plant cannot take up water what happens

    Roots rot as water builds up, No nutrients taken up and plant processes stop, Cells become flaccid and plant wilts

  • 41

    How do plants respond to water stress which limits photosynthesis?

    Leaf loss, Stomata close

  • 42

    What indirect affects does water stress have on a plant

    Altered flowering times, Susceptibility to pests and diseases, Greater allocation of energy to root growth in search of water

  • 43

    Water logging has prevents CO² and O² in soils doing what?

    CO² prevented from diffusing away, O² prevented from being drawn into pores

  • 44

    How does snow protect alpines?

    Insulates and protects from freezing and wind

  • 45

    How will less snow affect alpines?

    They will not be protected from freezing and wind

  • 46

    Name two pests that have a shorter breeding cycle in warmer temperatures

    Aphids, Whitefly

  • 47

    What is the word for how eap sucking pests carry diseases

    They are vectors

  • 48

    Name three pests that are extending their range northwards due to increased temperatures

    Scarlet lily beetle, Rosemary beetle, Box caterpillar

  • 49

    How will climate change increase pests?

    Life cycles speed up, Existing pests increase range, Introduced pests more likely to survive

  • 50

    How does climate change increase fungal pathogens

    Warmer wetter weather creates ideal conditions

  • 51

    What ecosystem services do plants provide

    Purifying air and water, Removing toxins from the environment, Mitigating floods, Moderating storm surges, Stabilising landscapes

  • 52

    What is the name of the largest ever assessment of the Earth's ecosystems conducted by a research team of over 1000 scientists

    Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

  • 53

    What 4 broad categories did the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment group ecosystems into S p R C

    Supporting services, Provisioning services, Regulating services, Cultural services

  • 54

    What is nutrient cycling, oxygen production and soil formation called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment? This one underpins all the others

    Supporting services

  • 55

    What is food, fibre fuel and water called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment?

    Provisioning services

  • 56

    What is climate regulation, water purification and flood protection called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment?

    Regulating services

  • 57

    What is education, recreation, aesthetic value called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment?

    Cultural services

  • 58

    What year was the Millenium Ecosystems Assessment report produced?

    2005

  • 59

    The Millenium Ecosystems Assessment said that in the past how many years have human altered the Earth's ecosystems more than any other?

    50 years

  • 60

    MEA: human change in land use has resulted in

    a simplification of ecosystems

  • 61

    Clearing of forest land for agriculture has what negative effects Releases soil Fertiliser Less E L

    Releases greenhouse gasses, Soil fertility declines, Fertiliser use release greenhouse gasses, Less OM reduces drought and flood mitigation, Erosion, Leaching

  • 62

    What is the phrase for ecological collapse which describes the addition or removal of top predators making changes in the relative populations of predator and prey throughout a food chain and the death of many species?

    Trophic cascading

  • 63

    Define trophic collapse

    Ecosystem goods or services provided by species in the upper trophic levels will be lost before those provided by species lower in the food chain

  • 64

    Climate change projections from RHS Gardening in a Changed world 1. Global mean surface temperatures increased by 0.86C between 1880 and 2016 2. The rate of future increase is dependent on the extent to which GHG emissions are restricted 3. Global mean temperature will rise by 1.5C to 2C over next 100 years 4. High rainfall variability 5. Increased frequency of dry spells, more pronounced in Southern UK and in summer 6. Frequency of wet days increased and more pronounced in Northern UK 7. Gardens close to estuaries more flooding as sea levels rise, gardens upstream near rivers increased fluvial events 8. Potentially frost free UK in most areas

    Global mean surface temperatures increased by 0.86C between 1880 and 2016, The rate of future increase is dependent on the extent to which GHG emissions are restricted, Global mean temperature will rise by 1.5C to 2C over next 100 years, High rainfall variability, Increased frequency of dry spells, more pronounced in Southern UK and in summer, Frequency of wet days increased and more pronounced in Northern UK, Gardens close to estuaries more flooding as sea levels rise, gardens upstream near rivers increased fluvial events, Potentially frost free UK in most areas

  • 65

    What is the name and year of the RHS report on climate change?

    RHS Gardening in a Changing Climate, 2017

  • 66

    Projected effects of higher CO² levels

    Increased temperatures cause a shift in compensation point between photosynthesis and respiration, Increased CO² may cause a reduction in stomata, Increased CO² may require less water for the same plant processes, reducing water flow and the cooling effect of vegitation

    • Plants

    Plants

    Clai Elizabeth · 100問 · 1年前

    Plants

    Plants

    100問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:2:7 Short term plantings

    2:2:7 Short term plantings

    Clai Elizabeth · 45問 · 1年前

    2:2:7 Short term plantings

    2:2:7 Short term plantings

    45問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:2:1 Key plants associated with garden styles

    2:2:1 Key plants associated with garden styles

    Clai Elizabeth · 20問 · 1年前

    2:2:1 Key plants associated with garden styles

    2:2:1 Key plants associated with garden styles

    20問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:3:1 Wellbeing

    2:3:1 Wellbeing

    Clai Elizabeth · 59問 · 1年前

    2:3:1 Wellbeing

    2:3:1 Wellbeing

    59問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    Mindful Gardens

    Mindful Gardens

    Clai Elizabeth · 33問 · 1年前

    Mindful Gardens

    Mindful Gardens

    33問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:3:2 Environment

    2:3:2 Environment

    Clai Elizabeth · 37問 · 1年前

    2:3:2 Environment

    2:3:2 Environment

    37問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    Studies and reports

    Studies and reports

    Clai Elizabeth · 23問 · 1年前

    Studies and reports

    Studies and reports

    23問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:3:3 Economy

    2:3:3 Economy

    Clai Elizabeth · 33問 · 1年前

    2:3:3 Economy

    2:3:3 Economy

    33問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:3:4 Community

    2:3:4 Community

    Clai Elizabeth · 48問 · 1年前

    2:3:4 Community

    2:3:4 Community

    48問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:4:1 Plants and biodiversity

    2:4:1 Plants and biodiversity

    Clai Elizabeth · 64問 · 1年前

    2:4:1 Plants and biodiversity

    2:4:1 Plants and biodiversity

    64問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:4:2 Selecting plants for climate change

    2:4:2 Selecting plants for climate change

    Clai Elizabeth · 33問 · 1年前

    2:4:2 Selecting plants for climate change

    2:4:2 Selecting plants for climate change

    33問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:4:3 Creating habitats

    2:4:3 Creating habitats

    Clai Elizabeth · 24問 · 1年前

    2:4:3 Creating habitats

    2:4:3 Creating habitats

    24問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:4:4 Citizen science and species surveys

    2:4:4 Citizen science and species surveys

    Clai Elizabeth · 14問 · 1年前

    2:4:4 Citizen science and species surveys

    2:4:4 Citizen science and species surveys

    14問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    2:4:5 Biodiversity Action Plans

    2:4:5 Biodiversity Action Plans

    Clai Elizabeth · 27問 · 1年前

    2:4:5 Biodiversity Action Plans

    2:4:5 Biodiversity Action Plans

    27問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    QWO Sustainability

    QWO Sustainability

    Clai Elizabeth · 15問 · 1年前

    QWO Sustainability

    QWO Sustainability

    15問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    use of force

    use of force

    Clai Elizabeth · 11問 · 1年前

    use of force

    use of force

    11問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    DVPOs

    DVPOs

    Clai Elizabeth · 7問 · 1年前

    DVPOs

    DVPOs

    7問 • 1年前
    Clai Elizabeth

    問題一覧

  • 1

    Which areas are warming fastest

    High altitudes and latitudes

  • 2

    Where are prolongued droughts more prevalent

    Arid and semi arid areas

  • 3

    Where is increased flooding ore prevalent

    Mid to high latitudes

  • 4

    Why are plants of particular importance to climate change?

    They are major regulators of global climate and are a keystone of the climate cycle

  • 5

    Why are forests especially important in the Carbon Cycle

    They act as carbon sinks by soaking up CO² and storing it in biomas and soils

  • 6

    Why is plant diversity important

    Underpins all terrestrial ecosystems upon which life depends

  • 7

    Why is loss of plant biodiversity bad Changes in Changes in Loss of

    Changes in species compositions, Changes in ecosystem structures, Loss of essential ecosystem services

  • 8

    Models of future plant distributions indicate that a temperature rise of _______ over the next hundred years could result in _____ the world's plant species being threatened with extinction

    Models of future plant distributions indicate that a temperature rise of 2-3C over the next hundred years could result in half the world's plant species being threatened with extinction

  • 9

    Which plant types are of grave cncern in climate change because they have nowhere to go?

    Alpine and island endemic species

  • 10

    Who will be disproportionately affected by climate change

    Rural poor who rely on wild plant resources, Food-insecure relying on agro-ecosystems in tropical Africa and Asia

  • 11

    Increased levels of CO² in the atmosphere can _________ plant productivity, as long as other factors are not _________. However, this will be a ____________ effect as plants adapt to climate change

    Increased levels of CO² in the atmosphere can increase plant productivity, as long as other factors are not limiting. However, this will be a temporary effect as plants adapt to climate change

  • 12

    In some species, as CO² increases, the number of stomata on the leaves

    Decreases

  • 13

    What do herbarium records show about changes in stomata numbers over time?

    Plants collected during the early industrial revolution have more stomata than present day

  • 14

    Why might plants loose stomata with increasing CO²? Two theories

    Conserving water is more important that taking in CO², Fewer stomata needed to take in equivalent amount of CO²

  • 15

    Although CO² initially enhances plant growth rates, in some reasons the effect of increased drought will lead to

    Lower growth overall

  • 16

    What affect on leaves does increased CO2 have over genrations?

    Fewer stomata, Increased thickness, Increased area

  • 17

    Increased levels of CO² may allow plants to become more ______ ______. However, reduced water flow through the plant can reduce the _______ _______ of vegetation

    Increased levels of CO² may allow plants to become more water efficient. However, reduced water flow through the plant can reduce the cooling effect of vegetation

  • 18

    TReduced plant growth leads to

    Reduced carbon storing

  • 19

    Reduced transpiration leads to

    less water extracted from the soil

  • 20

    Increased temperature can cause plant __________ rates to increase relative to _________________ resulting in no ____ ______ in biomas production so plants eventually become a source of CO²

    Increased temperature can cause plant respiration rates to increase relative to photosynthesis resulting in no net gain in biomas production so plants eventually become a source of CO²

  • 21

    The drought and high temperatures in Europe in _____ caused _____ _____ and this reduced __________ productivity by 30%

    The drought and high temperatures in Europe in 2003 caused water stress and this reduced primary productivity by 30%

  • 22

    What is primary productivity

    The growth of a plant measured as biomass

  • 23

    The initial increase in Nitrogen uptake by plants in response to elevated CO² leads to Which is a

    Nitrogen-poor soils, Limiting factor

  • 24

    Why not to add nitrogen fertilisers to boost nitrogen-poor soils

    Releases nitrous oxide a greenhouse gas

  • 25

    How does nitrogen fertiliser produce N²O nitrous oxide?

    Bacteria in soil

  • 26

    N²O has a warming potential how many times more than CO²?

    200x

  • 27

    What do rising temperatures mean for the growing season

    It will get longer

  • 28

    Which key biological processes will be affected by a longer growing season

    Earlier budburst, Delayed autumn leaf fall, Extended flowering

  • 29

    Spring has advanced how much in Europe per decade What has the autumn delay been per decade?

    2.5 days per decade, 2 days per decade

  • 30

    Royal Botanic Gardens Kew has shown an increasing length of flowering period in what flower? In ______ they opened ___ ______ earlier than average

    Daffodils, 2008, 11 days

  • 31

    How does late summer heat delay leaf fall How can this be seen?

    Frosts trigger chlorophyll in leaves to degrade, In New England autumn leaf colour has dulled

  • 32

    Name two plants whose dormancy might be affected by temperature change One that goes dormant in winter One that goes dormant in summer

    Hostas go dormant in winter, Cyclamen go dormant in summer

  • 33

    Name a plant that requires heavy frost and explain why it needs frost

    Ribes nigrum, So buds break evenly producing an even ripeness to fruit

  • 34

    Mild winters have caused what to decline with Ribes nigrum in England?

    Harvests, Fruit quality, Juice yields

  • 35

    How have horticulturalists been tackling the decline in Ribes nigrum quality and how long does it roughly for these to bear fruit

    New varieties, 16 years

  • 36

    Malus - different cultivars require a different what to produce buds?

    Cumulative hours of cold during winter

  • 37

    Increasing global temperatures increase what air quality that will decrease transpiration?

    Humidity

  • 38

    What do plants require between the air and the leaf to be able to transpire

    A water concentration gradient

  • 39

    If leaves cannot release water into the air there is no And what cannot happen

    Transpiration pull, Nutrient uptake

  • 40

    If a plant cannot take up water what happens

    Roots rot as water builds up, No nutrients taken up and plant processes stop, Cells become flaccid and plant wilts

  • 41

    How do plants respond to water stress which limits photosynthesis?

    Leaf loss, Stomata close

  • 42

    What indirect affects does water stress have on a plant

    Altered flowering times, Susceptibility to pests and diseases, Greater allocation of energy to root growth in search of water

  • 43

    Water logging has prevents CO² and O² in soils doing what?

    CO² prevented from diffusing away, O² prevented from being drawn into pores

  • 44

    How does snow protect alpines?

    Insulates and protects from freezing and wind

  • 45

    How will less snow affect alpines?

    They will not be protected from freezing and wind

  • 46

    Name two pests that have a shorter breeding cycle in warmer temperatures

    Aphids, Whitefly

  • 47

    What is the word for how eap sucking pests carry diseases

    They are vectors

  • 48

    Name three pests that are extending their range northwards due to increased temperatures

    Scarlet lily beetle, Rosemary beetle, Box caterpillar

  • 49

    How will climate change increase pests?

    Life cycles speed up, Existing pests increase range, Introduced pests more likely to survive

  • 50

    How does climate change increase fungal pathogens

    Warmer wetter weather creates ideal conditions

  • 51

    What ecosystem services do plants provide

    Purifying air and water, Removing toxins from the environment, Mitigating floods, Moderating storm surges, Stabilising landscapes

  • 52

    What is the name of the largest ever assessment of the Earth's ecosystems conducted by a research team of over 1000 scientists

    Millenium Ecosystem Assessment

  • 53

    What 4 broad categories did the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment group ecosystems into S p R C

    Supporting services, Provisioning services, Regulating services, Cultural services

  • 54

    What is nutrient cycling, oxygen production and soil formation called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment? This one underpins all the others

    Supporting services

  • 55

    What is food, fibre fuel and water called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment?

    Provisioning services

  • 56

    What is climate regulation, water purification and flood protection called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment?

    Regulating services

  • 57

    What is education, recreation, aesthetic value called as a service in the report by the Millenium Ecosystem Assessment?

    Cultural services

  • 58

    What year was the Millenium Ecosystems Assessment report produced?

    2005

  • 59

    The Millenium Ecosystems Assessment said that in the past how many years have human altered the Earth's ecosystems more than any other?

    50 years

  • 60

    MEA: human change in land use has resulted in

    a simplification of ecosystems

  • 61

    Clearing of forest land for agriculture has what negative effects Releases soil Fertiliser Less E L

    Releases greenhouse gasses, Soil fertility declines, Fertiliser use release greenhouse gasses, Less OM reduces drought and flood mitigation, Erosion, Leaching

  • 62

    What is the phrase for ecological collapse which describes the addition or removal of top predators making changes in the relative populations of predator and prey throughout a food chain and the death of many species?

    Trophic cascading

  • 63

    Define trophic collapse

    Ecosystem goods or services provided by species in the upper trophic levels will be lost before those provided by species lower in the food chain

  • 64

    Climate change projections from RHS Gardening in a Changed world 1. Global mean surface temperatures increased by 0.86C between 1880 and 2016 2. The rate of future increase is dependent on the extent to which GHG emissions are restricted 3. Global mean temperature will rise by 1.5C to 2C over next 100 years 4. High rainfall variability 5. Increased frequency of dry spells, more pronounced in Southern UK and in summer 6. Frequency of wet days increased and more pronounced in Northern UK 7. Gardens close to estuaries more flooding as sea levels rise, gardens upstream near rivers increased fluvial events 8. Potentially frost free UK in most areas

    Global mean surface temperatures increased by 0.86C between 1880 and 2016, The rate of future increase is dependent on the extent to which GHG emissions are restricted, Global mean temperature will rise by 1.5C to 2C over next 100 years, High rainfall variability, Increased frequency of dry spells, more pronounced in Southern UK and in summer, Frequency of wet days increased and more pronounced in Northern UK, Gardens close to estuaries more flooding as sea levels rise, gardens upstream near rivers increased fluvial events, Potentially frost free UK in most areas

  • 65

    What is the name and year of the RHS report on climate change?

    RHS Gardening in a Changing Climate, 2017

  • 66

    Projected effects of higher CO² levels

    Increased temperatures cause a shift in compensation point between photosynthesis and respiration, Increased CO² may cause a reduction in stomata, Increased CO² may require less water for the same plant processes, reducing water flow and the cooling effect of vegitation