muscular system
問題一覧
1
Bone, long cylindrical, multiple, pheripherally located, striations, voluntary and involuntary, for body movements
skeletal muscle
2
Heart, branched-cylindrical, single, centrally located , striations, involuntary , pumping blood or propelling blood through blood vessels
cardiac muscle
3
Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and glands, spindle shaped, single and centrally located, involuntary, moving food through the digestive tract, emptying unirary bladder, contracting gland ducts.
smooth muscle
4
Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimuli
excitability
5
Ability of muscle to shorten forcefully or contract
contractility
6
Muscle can be stretched beyond it's normal resting length and still be able to contract.
extensibility
7
Ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched.
elasticity
8
Connective tissue, 40% of our body weight.
skeletal muscle/striated muscle
9
It is also know as muscle cell.
muscle fiber
10
Forms connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle, it is also the outer layers of connective tissue.
epimysium
11
Loose connective tissues serving passageways of blood vessels and nerves that supply each fasicle, it subdivides each whole muscle into numerous.
perimysium
12
Visible bundle of muscle fibers
fasicles
13
Delicate layer of connective tissue that separates the individual muscle fibers within each fasicles, it is also the passageway for nerve fibers and blood vessels.
endomysium
14
Protein fibers blend into one another and merge at the ends of most muscle.
tendon
15
Cell membrane of muscle fibers.
sarcolemma
16
Tubelike inward folds of the sarcolemma. Carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber so that it will contract as a whole.
transverse tubule/ t tubule
17
enlarge portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Terminal cisternae
18
Highly specialized smooth ER in skeletal muscle, muscle fibers that stores high levels of Ca²+
sarcoplasmic reticulum
19
critical structure for muscle contractions, it contains two terminal cisternae between of this two is t- tubule
triad
20
Mitochondria, glycogen filaments, it is also the cytoplasm of muscle cell.
sarcoplasm
21
Bundle of Protein
myofibril
22
end to end of myofibril, smallest portion of a muscle that conract.
sarcomere
23
Stationary anchor for actin myofilaments, arrangement of the actin and myosin within sarcomeres that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance.
z disks
24
Lighter-straining region, 2 of this includes a Z disks extends to the end of the myosin and only contains actin myofilaments
I band
25
Darker-straining region, center of sarcomere contains actin and myosin overlapping except
A band
26
Center and smaller band of each A band
H zone
27
Dark line of a zone that consists of delicate protein filaments that hold myosin filaments in place
M line
28
Along fibrous protein that lies in the groove along the fibrous actin strand, muscle cannot contract until it moves to uncover the active sites.
tropomyosin
29
It anchors to the actin, prevents tropomyosin from uncovering the actin, subunit that binds Ca²+.
troponin
30
Composed of many elongated myosin molecules, shaped like golf clubs.
myosin filaments/molecule
31
Lying parallel to the myosin myofilament.
rod portion
32
extend literally
myosin head
33
Point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber, it consists of a group of enlarged.
neuromuscular junction/synapse
34
axon terminal, it contains mitochondria and spherical sacs.
presynaptic terminal
35
Space between presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber.
synaptic cleft
36
Muscle cell membrane in the area of the junction, it is attached to the muscle fiber.
post synaptic membrane
37
Contain neuro transmitter acetycoline (Ach)
synaptic vesicles
38
A molecule that allows to communicate with its target and it is released from presynaptic membrane and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to alter the activity or the muscle fiber.
neurotransmitter
39
Opened or closed by specific molecules.
ligand - gated ion channels
40
Generic term for specific molecules such as neurotransmitters.
ligand
41
Parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere allows them to interact, which causes muscle contraction.
sliding filament model
42
Channels that allows to move across the cell membrane.
ion channels
43
Type of ion channel that are specific for a particular ion.
leak channel
44
Type of ion channel that governs the production of action potential.
Gated
45
All cells in the body have this electrical charge difference, but neurons and muscle fibers contain specialized components that allow them to utilize this charge difference. In an unstimulated cell, this charge difference is
Resting membrane potential
46
It able to measure the resting membrane potential.
oscilloscope
47
Occurs when exitable cell is stimulated, the motor neurons carry eectrical signals. It is the reversal of the other potential such that the inside of the cell membrane becomes positively chraged compared with the outside.
Action potential
48
The membrane potential at which gated Na+ channels open. If depolarization causes the membrane potential to reach this, an action potential is triggered.
Threshold
49
A brief period during which further depolarization occurs aand the inside of the cell becomes even more positively.
Depolarization
50
Return of membrane potential to its resting value.
repolarization
51
Rapidly breaksdown acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft into acetic acid and choline
acetylcholinesterase
52
Meachanical component of muscle contraction, rapid sequence of events will cause the sacromeres to shorten and muscle will contract.
Cross-bridge Cycling
53
movement of myosin head
power stroke
54
resting position of myosin head
recovery stroke
55
response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron.
muscle twitch
56
gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron amd the beginning of contraction.
lag phase or latent phase
57
Commences once the Ca²+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and crossbridge cycling.
contraction phase
58
longer contraction phase, concentration of Ca²+ in the sarcoplasm, decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
relaxation phase
59
muscle does not shorten, increases the tension in the muscle, but the length of the muscle stays the same.
Isometric Contraction
60
Muscle shortens, increases the tension in the muscle and decreases the length of the muscle.
Isotonic Contraction
61
amount of force in an individual muscle fiber
summation
62
amount of force in a whole muscle
recruitment
63
consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it intervates.
motor unit
64
when muscles stay contracted for long period of time/ responsible for keeping back and lower limbs straight.
Muscle tone
65
isotonic contraction, tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, muscle shortens.
concentric contraction
66
isotonic contraction/ tension is maintained in a muscle that he opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length.
eccentric contractions
67
contract more slowly have a better developed blood supply, have more mitochondria and more fatigue- resistant that fast-twitch muscle fibers/ breaks down ATP slowly / contain large amount of myoglobin.
slow twitch muscle fiber type I
68
have myosin head with a fast form of the enzyme taht breaks down ATP, which allows ther Cross-bridges to release and form more rapidly than those in slow twitch muscle fibers.
fast twitch muscle fiber type II
69
muscle fiber rely on ATP production with or without O²
fast twitch type IIa
70
muscle fibers rely almost exclusively on ATP production without O2
fast twitch type IIb
71
muscle increases in size/ increases in strength and endurance
hypertrophies
72
muscle that is not used decreases in size/ muscle fiber do not change appreciably during most of a person's life
atrophies
73
transfers one phosphate from one ADP to a second ADP to form one ATP and one AMP
adenylate kinase myokinase
74
during period of rest muscle fiber accumulate extra ATP
Creatine Kinase
75
extra ATP is utilized in muscle fibers to transfer a phosphate from the ATP to a small protein synthesized by muscle fibers.
creatine
76
molecule acts bank for high energy phosphate
creatine phosphate
77
does not requires O2/involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP and lactate
Anaerobic Respiration
78
one glucose molecuse is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate producing a net gain of two ATP molecules
glycolisis
79
pyruvic acid is converted
lactate
80
requires O2 and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2, H2O
aerobic respiration
81
a temporary state of reduced work
fatigue
82
during intense exercise, increases in ROS production cause the breakdown of proteins, lipids or nucleic acids
oxidative stress
83
muscle can no longer function regardless of how determined muscle may become incapable of either contracting or relaxing/ occures when ATP little to bind to myosin
Physiological Contracture
84
common type of fatigue/involves central nervous system rather than the muscles themselves
psychological fatigue
85
muscle pain
muscle soreness
86
lag time between when a person begins to exercise and when they began to breath more heavily because of the exercise.
oxygen deficit
87
lag time before breathing returns to its preexercise rate once exercise stops.
excess postexercise oxygen consumption
88
can spontaneously generate action potentials and then contract in some circumstances
autorhytmic
89
allow action potentials to be conducted directly fromm cell to cell/ cardiac muscle are connected to one another by specialized structures that include desmosomes and gap junctions
Intercalated disks
90
broad and sheetlike tendon
aponeurosis
91
very short tendon
retinaculum
92
most stationary of fixed end of muscle
origin
93
end of muscle attched to the bone undergoing the greatest movement
insertion
94
muscle between the origin and insertion
belly
95
specific body movement a muscle contraction causes
action
96
action a single or group of muscles
agonist
97
opposed action of single or group of muscles
antagonists
98
members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement
synergist
99
if one muscle plays the major role on accomplishing the desired movement
prime mover
100
muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usuallu more distal bone is moved
fixators
muscular system
muscular system
pristine advincula · 96問 · 2年前muscular system
muscular system
96問 • 2年前nervous system
nervous system
pristine advincula · 65問 · 2年前nervous system
nervous system
65問 • 2年前tfn
tfn
pristine advincula · 10問 · 2年前tfn
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10問 • 2年前SENSES
SENSES
pristine advincula · 31問 · 2年前SENSES
SENSES
31問 • 2年前ENDOCRINE
ENDOCRINE
pristine advincula · 9問 · 2年前ENDOCRINE
ENDOCRINE
9問 • 2年前endo
endo
pristine advincula · 15問 · 2年前endo
endo
15問 • 2年前HEATLH EDUCATIO
HEATLH EDUCATIO
pristine advincula · 11問 · 2年前HEATLH EDUCATIO
HEATLH EDUCATIO
11問 • 2年前health assessment
health assessment
pristine advincula · 51問 · 2年前health assessment
health assessment
51問 • 2年前micropara lecture
micropara lecture
pristine advincula · 18問 · 2年前micropara lecture
micropara lecture
18問 • 2年前health education
health education
pristine advincula · 23問 · 1年前health education
health education
23問 • 1年前問題一覧
1
Bone, long cylindrical, multiple, pheripherally located, striations, voluntary and involuntary, for body movements
skeletal muscle
2
Heart, branched-cylindrical, single, centrally located , striations, involuntary , pumping blood or propelling blood through blood vessels
cardiac muscle
3
Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and glands, spindle shaped, single and centrally located, involuntary, moving food through the digestive tract, emptying unirary bladder, contracting gland ducts.
smooth muscle
4
Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimuli
excitability
5
Ability of muscle to shorten forcefully or contract
contractility
6
Muscle can be stretched beyond it's normal resting length and still be able to contract.
extensibility
7
Ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched.
elasticity
8
Connective tissue, 40% of our body weight.
skeletal muscle/striated muscle
9
It is also know as muscle cell.
muscle fiber
10
Forms connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle, it is also the outer layers of connective tissue.
epimysium
11
Loose connective tissues serving passageways of blood vessels and nerves that supply each fasicle, it subdivides each whole muscle into numerous.
perimysium
12
Visible bundle of muscle fibers
fasicles
13
Delicate layer of connective tissue that separates the individual muscle fibers within each fasicles, it is also the passageway for nerve fibers and blood vessels.
endomysium
14
Protein fibers blend into one another and merge at the ends of most muscle.
tendon
15
Cell membrane of muscle fibers.
sarcolemma
16
Tubelike inward folds of the sarcolemma. Carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber so that it will contract as a whole.
transverse tubule/ t tubule
17
enlarge portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Terminal cisternae
18
Highly specialized smooth ER in skeletal muscle, muscle fibers that stores high levels of Ca²+
sarcoplasmic reticulum
19
critical structure for muscle contractions, it contains two terminal cisternae between of this two is t- tubule
triad
20
Mitochondria, glycogen filaments, it is also the cytoplasm of muscle cell.
sarcoplasm
21
Bundle of Protein
myofibril
22
end to end of myofibril, smallest portion of a muscle that conract.
sarcomere
23
Stationary anchor for actin myofilaments, arrangement of the actin and myosin within sarcomeres that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance.
z disks
24
Lighter-straining region, 2 of this includes a Z disks extends to the end of the myosin and only contains actin myofilaments
I band
25
Darker-straining region, center of sarcomere contains actin and myosin overlapping except
A band
26
Center and smaller band of each A band
H zone
27
Dark line of a zone that consists of delicate protein filaments that hold myosin filaments in place
M line
28
Along fibrous protein that lies in the groove along the fibrous actin strand, muscle cannot contract until it moves to uncover the active sites.
tropomyosin
29
It anchors to the actin, prevents tropomyosin from uncovering the actin, subunit that binds Ca²+.
troponin
30
Composed of many elongated myosin molecules, shaped like golf clubs.
myosin filaments/molecule
31
Lying parallel to the myosin myofilament.
rod portion
32
extend literally
myosin head
33
Point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber, it consists of a group of enlarged.
neuromuscular junction/synapse
34
axon terminal, it contains mitochondria and spherical sacs.
presynaptic terminal
35
Space between presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber.
synaptic cleft
36
Muscle cell membrane in the area of the junction, it is attached to the muscle fiber.
post synaptic membrane
37
Contain neuro transmitter acetycoline (Ach)
synaptic vesicles
38
A molecule that allows to communicate with its target and it is released from presynaptic membrane and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to alter the activity or the muscle fiber.
neurotransmitter
39
Opened or closed by specific molecules.
ligand - gated ion channels
40
Generic term for specific molecules such as neurotransmitters.
ligand
41
Parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere allows them to interact, which causes muscle contraction.
sliding filament model
42
Channels that allows to move across the cell membrane.
ion channels
43
Type of ion channel that are specific for a particular ion.
leak channel
44
Type of ion channel that governs the production of action potential.
Gated
45
All cells in the body have this electrical charge difference, but neurons and muscle fibers contain specialized components that allow them to utilize this charge difference. In an unstimulated cell, this charge difference is
Resting membrane potential
46
It able to measure the resting membrane potential.
oscilloscope
47
Occurs when exitable cell is stimulated, the motor neurons carry eectrical signals. It is the reversal of the other potential such that the inside of the cell membrane becomes positively chraged compared with the outside.
Action potential
48
The membrane potential at which gated Na+ channels open. If depolarization causes the membrane potential to reach this, an action potential is triggered.
Threshold
49
A brief period during which further depolarization occurs aand the inside of the cell becomes even more positively.
Depolarization
50
Return of membrane potential to its resting value.
repolarization
51
Rapidly breaksdown acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft into acetic acid and choline
acetylcholinesterase
52
Meachanical component of muscle contraction, rapid sequence of events will cause the sacromeres to shorten and muscle will contract.
Cross-bridge Cycling
53
movement of myosin head
power stroke
54
resting position of myosin head
recovery stroke
55
response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron.
muscle twitch
56
gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron amd the beginning of contraction.
lag phase or latent phase
57
Commences once the Ca²+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and crossbridge cycling.
contraction phase
58
longer contraction phase, concentration of Ca²+ in the sarcoplasm, decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
relaxation phase
59
muscle does not shorten, increases the tension in the muscle, but the length of the muscle stays the same.
Isometric Contraction
60
Muscle shortens, increases the tension in the muscle and decreases the length of the muscle.
Isotonic Contraction
61
amount of force in an individual muscle fiber
summation
62
amount of force in a whole muscle
recruitment
63
consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it intervates.
motor unit
64
when muscles stay contracted for long period of time/ responsible for keeping back and lower limbs straight.
Muscle tone
65
isotonic contraction, tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, muscle shortens.
concentric contraction
66
isotonic contraction/ tension is maintained in a muscle that he opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length.
eccentric contractions
67
contract more slowly have a better developed blood supply, have more mitochondria and more fatigue- resistant that fast-twitch muscle fibers/ breaks down ATP slowly / contain large amount of myoglobin.
slow twitch muscle fiber type I
68
have myosin head with a fast form of the enzyme taht breaks down ATP, which allows ther Cross-bridges to release and form more rapidly than those in slow twitch muscle fibers.
fast twitch muscle fiber type II
69
muscle fiber rely on ATP production with or without O²
fast twitch type IIa
70
muscle fibers rely almost exclusively on ATP production without O2
fast twitch type IIb
71
muscle increases in size/ increases in strength and endurance
hypertrophies
72
muscle that is not used decreases in size/ muscle fiber do not change appreciably during most of a person's life
atrophies
73
transfers one phosphate from one ADP to a second ADP to form one ATP and one AMP
adenylate kinase myokinase
74
during period of rest muscle fiber accumulate extra ATP
Creatine Kinase
75
extra ATP is utilized in muscle fibers to transfer a phosphate from the ATP to a small protein synthesized by muscle fibers.
creatine
76
molecule acts bank for high energy phosphate
creatine phosphate
77
does not requires O2/involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP and lactate
Anaerobic Respiration
78
one glucose molecuse is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate producing a net gain of two ATP molecules
glycolisis
79
pyruvic acid is converted
lactate
80
requires O2 and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2, H2O
aerobic respiration
81
a temporary state of reduced work
fatigue
82
during intense exercise, increases in ROS production cause the breakdown of proteins, lipids or nucleic acids
oxidative stress
83
muscle can no longer function regardless of how determined muscle may become incapable of either contracting or relaxing/ occures when ATP little to bind to myosin
Physiological Contracture
84
common type of fatigue/involves central nervous system rather than the muscles themselves
psychological fatigue
85
muscle pain
muscle soreness
86
lag time between when a person begins to exercise and when they began to breath more heavily because of the exercise.
oxygen deficit
87
lag time before breathing returns to its preexercise rate once exercise stops.
excess postexercise oxygen consumption
88
can spontaneously generate action potentials and then contract in some circumstances
autorhytmic
89
allow action potentials to be conducted directly fromm cell to cell/ cardiac muscle are connected to one another by specialized structures that include desmosomes and gap junctions
Intercalated disks
90
broad and sheetlike tendon
aponeurosis
91
very short tendon
retinaculum
92
most stationary of fixed end of muscle
origin
93
end of muscle attched to the bone undergoing the greatest movement
insertion
94
muscle between the origin and insertion
belly
95
specific body movement a muscle contraction causes
action
96
action a single or group of muscles
agonist
97
opposed action of single or group of muscles
antagonists
98
members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement
synergist
99
if one muscle plays the major role on accomplishing the desired movement
prime mover
100
muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usuallu more distal bone is moved
fixators