Bone, long cylindrical, multiple, pheripherally located, striations, voluntary and involuntary, for body movements

Heart, branched-cylindrical, single, centrally located , striations, involuntary , pumping blood or propelling blood through blood vessels

Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and glands, spindle shaped, single and centrally located, involuntary, moving food through the digestive tract, emptying unirary bladder, contracting gland ducts.

Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimuli

Ability of muscle to shorten forcefully or contract

Muscle can be stretched beyond it's normal resting length and still be able to contract.

Ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched.

Connective tissue, 40% of our body weight.

It is also know as muscle cell.

Forms connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle, it is also the outer layers of connective tissue.

Loose connective tissues serving passageways of blood vessels and nerves that supply each fasicle, it subdivides each whole muscle into numerous.

Visible bundle of muscle fibers

Delicate layer of connective tissue that separates the individual muscle fibers within each fasicles, it is also the passageway for nerve fibers and blood vessels.

Protein fibers blend into one another and merge at the ends of most muscle.

Cell membrane of muscle fibers.

Tubelike inward folds of the sarcolemma. Carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber so that it will contract as a whole.

enlarge portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Highly specialized smooth ER in skeletal muscle, muscle fibers that stores high levels of Ca²+

critical structure for muscle contractions, it contains two terminal cisternae between of this two is t- tubule

Mitochondria, glycogen filaments, it is also the cytoplasm of muscle cell.

Bundle of Protein

end to end of myofibril, smallest portion of a muscle that conract.

Stationary anchor for actin myofilaments, arrangement of the actin and myosin within sarcomeres that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance.

Lighter-straining region, 2 of this includes a Z disks extends to the end of the myosin and only contains actin myofilaments

Darker-straining region, center of sarcomere contains actin and myosin overlapping except

Center and smaller band of each A band

Dark line of a zone that consists of delicate protein filaments that hold myosin filaments in place

Along fibrous protein that lies in the groove along the fibrous actin strand, muscle cannot contract until it moves to uncover the active sites.

It anchors to the actin, prevents tropomyosin from uncovering the actin, subunit that binds Ca²+.

Composed of many elongated myosin molecules, shaped like golf clubs.

Lying parallel to the myosin myofilament.

extend literally

Point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber, it consists of a group of enlarged.

axon terminal, it contains mitochondria and spherical sacs.

Space between presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber.

Muscle cell membrane in the area of the junction, it is attached to the muscle fiber.

Contain neuro transmitter acetycoline (Ach)

A molecule that allows to communicate with its target and it is released from presynaptic membrane and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to alter the activity or the muscle fiber.

Opened or closed by specific molecules.

Generic term for specific molecules such as neurotransmitters.

Parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere allows them to interact, which causes muscle contraction.

Channels that allows to move across the cell membrane.

Type of ion channel that are specific for a particular ion.

Type of ion channel that governs the production of action potential.

All cells in the body have this electrical charge difference, but neurons and muscle fibers contain specialized components that allow them to utilize this charge difference. In an unstimulated cell, this charge difference is

It able to measure the resting membrane potential.

Occurs when exitable cell is stimulated, the motor neurons carry eectrical signals. It is the reversal of the other potential such that the inside of the cell membrane becomes positively chraged compared with the outside.

The membrane potential at which gated Na+ channels open. If depolarization causes the membrane potential to reach this, an action potential is triggered.

A brief period during which further depolarization occurs aand the inside of the cell becomes even more positively.

Return of membrane potential to its resting value.

Rapidly breaksdown acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft into acetic acid and choline

Meachanical component of muscle contraction, rapid sequence of events will cause the sacromeres to shorten and muscle will contract.

movement of myosin head

resting position of myosin head

response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron.

gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron amd the beginning of contraction.

Commences once the Ca²+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and crossbridge cycling.

longer contraction phase, concentration of Ca²+ in the sarcoplasm, decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

muscle does not shorten, increases the tension in the muscle, but the length of the muscle stays the same.

Muscle shortens, increases the tension in the muscle and decreases the length of the muscle.

amount of force in an individual muscle fiber

amount of force in a whole muscle

consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it intervates.

when muscles stay contracted for long period of time/ responsible for keeping back and lower limbs straight.

isotonic contraction, tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, muscle shortens.

isotonic contraction/ tension is maintained in a muscle that he opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length.

muscle increases in size/ increases in strength and endurance

muscle that is not used decreases in size/ muscle fiber do not change appreciably during most of a person's life

transfers one phosphate from one ADP to a second ADP to form one ATP and one AMP

during period of rest muscle fiber accumulate extra ATP

extra ATP is utilized in muscle fibers to transfer a phosphate from the ATP to a small protein synthesized by muscle fibers.

molecule acts bank for high energy phosphate

does not requires O2/involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP and lactate

one glucose molecuse is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate producing a net gain of two ATP molecules

pyruvic acid is converted

requires O2 and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2, H2O

a temporary state of reduced work

during intense exercise, increases in ROS production cause the breakdown of proteins, lipids or nucleic acids

muscle can no longer function regardless of how determined muscle may become incapable of either contracting or relaxing/ occures when ATP little to bind to myosin

common type of fatigue/involves central nervous system rather than the muscles themselves

muscle pain

lag time between when a person begins to exercise and when they began to breath more heavily because of the exercise.

lag time before breathing returns to its preexercise rate once exercise stops.

can spontaneously generate action potentials and then contract in some circumstances

allow action potentials to be conducted directly fromm cell to cell/ cardiac muscle are connected to one another by specialized structures that include desmosomes and gap junctions

broad and sheetlike tendon

very short tendon

most stationary of fixed end of muscle

end of muscle attched to the bone undergoing the greatest movement

muscle between the origin and insertion

specific body movement a muscle contraction causes

action a single or group of muscles

opposed action of single or group of muscles

members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement

if one muscle plays the major role on accomplishing the desired movement

muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usuallu more distal bone is moved