when muscles stay contracted for long period of time/ responsible for keeping back and lower limbs straight.

It is also know as muscle cell.

one glucose molecuse is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate producing a net gain of two ATP molecules

allow action potentials to be conducted directly fromm cell to cell/ cardiac muscle are connected to one another by specialized structures that include desmosomes and gap junctions

Muscle cell membrane in the area of the junction, it is attached to the muscle fiber.

resting position of myosin head

critical structure for muscle contractions, it contains two terminal cisternae between of this two is t- tubule

Bundle of Protein

All cells in the body have this electrical charge difference, but neurons and muscle fibers contain specialized components that allow them to utilize this charge difference. In an unstimulated cell, this charge difference is

Walls of hollow organs, blood vessels and glands, spindle shaped, single and centrally located, involuntary, moving food through the digestive tract, emptying unirary bladder, contracting gland ducts.

common type of fatigue/involves central nervous system rather than the muscles themselves

Dark line of a zone that consists of delicate protein filaments that hold myosin filaments in place

amount of force in a whole muscle

Visible bundle of muscle fibers

action a single or group of muscles

most stationary of fixed end of muscle

axon terminal, it contains mitochondria and spherical sacs.

end of muscle attched to the bone undergoing the greatest movement

Lighter-straining region, 2 of this includes a Z disks extends to the end of the myosin and only contains actin myofilaments

Space between presynaptic terminal and muscle fiber.

enlarge portion of sarcoplasmic reticulum.

pyruvic acid is converted

specific body movement a muscle contraction causes

Parallel arrangement of myofilaments in a sarcomere allows them to interact, which causes muscle contraction.

A molecule that allows to communicate with its target and it is released from presynaptic membrane and diffuse across the synaptic cleft to alter the activity or the muscle fiber.

Ability of muscle to recoil to its original resting length after it has been stretched.

consists of a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it intervates.

Occurs when exitable cell is stimulated, the motor neurons carry eectrical signals. It is the reversal of the other potential such that the inside of the cell membrane becomes positively chraged compared with the outside.

amount of force in an individual muscle fiber

Meachanical component of muscle contraction, rapid sequence of events will cause the sacromeres to shorten and muscle will contract.

Capacity of muscle to respond to a stimuli

muscle pain

during period of rest muscle fiber accumulate extra ATP

Muscle can be stretched beyond it's normal resting length and still be able to contract.

Opened or closed by specific molecules.

response of a muscle fiber to a single action potential along its motor neuron.

extra ATP is utilized in muscle fibers to transfer a phosphate from the ATP to a small protein synthesized by muscle fibers.

Cell membrane of muscle fibers.

molecule acts bank for high energy phosphate

opposed action of single or group of muscles

Commences once the Ca²+ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum initiates cross-bridge formation and crossbridge cycling.

lag time before breathing returns to its preexercise rate once exercise stops.

Along fibrous protein that lies in the groove along the fibrous actin strand, muscle cannot contract until it moves to uncover the active sites.

Type of ion channel that are specific for a particular ion.

Forms connective tissue sheath that surrounds each skeletal muscle, it is also the outer layers of connective tissue.

Ability of muscle to shorten forcefully or contract

muscle that is not used decreases in size/ muscle fiber do not change appreciably during most of a person's life

muscles that hold one bone in place relative to the body while a usuallu more distal bone is moved

muscle does not shorten, increases the tension in the muscle, but the length of the muscle stays the same.

Protein fibers blend into one another and merge at the ends of most muscle.

muscle between the origin and insertion

movement of myosin head

Point of contact of motor neuron axon branches with the muscle fiber, it consists of a group of enlarged.

Channels that allows to move across the cell membrane.

It anchors to the actin, prevents tropomyosin from uncovering the actin, subunit that binds Ca²+.

A brief period during which further depolarization occurs aand the inside of the cell becomes even more positively.

Highly specialized smooth ER in skeletal muscle, muscle fibers that stores high levels of Ca²+

Stationary anchor for actin myofilaments, arrangement of the actin and myosin within sarcomeres that gives skeletal muscle its striated appearance.

Mitochondria, glycogen filaments, it is also the cytoplasm of muscle cell.

Generic term for specific molecules such as neurotransmitters.

a temporary state of reduced work

Bone, long cylindrical, multiple, pheripherally located, striations, voluntary and involuntary, for body movements

isotonic contraction/ tension is maintained in a muscle that he opposing resistance is great enough to cause the muscle to increase in length.

Contain neuro transmitter acetycoline (Ach)

Composed of many elongated myosin molecules, shaped like golf clubs.

Darker-straining region, center of sarcomere contains actin and myosin overlapping except

Rapidly breaksdown acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft into acetic acid and choline

during intense exercise, increases in ROS production cause the breakdown of proteins, lipids or nucleic acids

Lying parallel to the myosin myofilament.

end to end of myofibril, smallest portion of a muscle that conract.

can spontaneously generate action potentials and then contract in some circumstances

does not requires O2/involves the breakdown of glucose to produce ATP and lactate

very short tendon

Heart, branched-cylindrical, single, centrally located , striations, involuntary , pumping blood or propelling blood through blood vessels

requires O2 and breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2, H2O

Return of membrane potential to its resting value.

Delicate layer of connective tissue that separates the individual muscle fibers within each fasicles, it is also the passageway for nerve fibers and blood vessels.

lag time between when a person begins to exercise and when they began to breath more heavily because of the exercise.

extend literally

It able to measure the resting membrane potential.

gap between the time of stimulus application to the motor neuron amd the beginning of contraction.

isotonic contraction, tension in the muscle is great enough to overcome the opposing resistance, muscle shortens.

Center and smaller band of each A band

members of a group of muscles working together to produce a movement

if one muscle plays the major role on accomplishing the desired movement

broad and sheetlike tendon

Loose connective tissues serving passageways of blood vessels and nerves that supply each fasicle, it subdivides each whole muscle into numerous.

longer contraction phase, concentration of Ca²+ in the sarcoplasm, decreases slowly due to active transport into the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

transfers one phosphate from one ADP to a second ADP to form one ATP and one AMP

muscle increases in size/ increases in strength and endurance

Connective tissue, 40% of our body weight.

The membrane potential at which gated Na+ channels open. If depolarization causes the membrane potential to reach this, an action potential is triggered.

Tubelike inward folds of the sarcolemma. Carry electrical impulses into the center of the muscle fiber so that it will contract as a whole.

Muscle shortens, increases the tension in the muscle and decreases the length of the muscle.

muscle can no longer function regardless of how determined muscle may become incapable of either contracting or relaxing/ occures when ATP little to bind to myosin

Type of ion channel that governs the production of action potential.