DNA - MUTATION (LESSON 5 - 7) | 暗記メーカー

通報

問題一覧

What is the theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction?

Central Dogma

*It is the process wherein the DNA produces new copies of itself.

DNA Replication

What are the 4 that enzymes used?

*Helicase *DNA Polymerase *Primase *Ligase

*Starts with the "Origin" *It will attach to one part of the DNA and opens it up

Helicase

* To stablize the unzipped part, molecule of a single strand binding the protein will attach to the open strand by _____

RNA Primer

*Lagging Strand cannot be synthesized continuously, it creates Okazaki fragments, Which will be joined together by the _______

DNA Ligase

What is the Building Blocks of Proteins?

Amino Acid

*It is a molecule made up of Amino Acid.

Protein

*It is the process in which cells make proteins

Protein Synthesis

What are the 2 major steps in Protein Synthesis?

* Transcription *Translation

(Steps in Protein Synthesis) *It is the process where DNA is transcribed into a message *It happens in nucleus

Transcription

(Steps in Protein Synthesis) *Carries genetic codes from DNA (nucleus) to ribosomes

mRNA ( Messenger RNA)

(Steps in Protein Synthesis) *It is the process of making proteins based on mRNA's messages from the DNA

Translation

*It is a sequence of 3 bases that corresponds to one amino acid

Codon

What is the starting codon?

AUG

What are the 3 stop codon?

UAA, UAG, UGA

*It is the basis of species diversity among organisms.

Mutation

*It is a change in the base sequence of DNA that can affect the structure and function of proteinswhen they occur within a gene.

Mutation

*Are the agents that cause alteration in the DNA and can lead to permanent mutations in the DNA sequence depending on the ability of an organism to repair the damage

Mutagens

(Type of mutations) *Permanent change in the DNA sequence that make up a gene

Genetic Mutation

(Type of Mutations) *Occur at the Chromosomal Level, resulting in gene deletion, duplication or rearrangement

Chromosomal Mutations

*It is a sequence of DNA that determins a trait

Gene

*It can be found inside the nucleus, contains the gene.

Chromosomes

*Happens when there is a replacement of nucleotide . *Affects a Gamete *Causing disorder that can be transmitted to the next generation Ex: Sickle Cell Anemia

Substitution

*Changes to one base in the DNA code

Point Mutation

*There is a substitution in the amino acid of a protein *Ex: Epidermolysis Bullosa

Missense

*A stop codon is added to prevent the effect of a substitution

Nonsense

*one or few nucleotide pairs in the DNA are deleted or inserted

Frameshift

*Changes in the chromosomal number (gains and loses) and changes in structure deletion, inversion and exchanges).

Chromosomal Mutation

*it happens when a base is deleted from the nitrogen base sequence *shorter

Deletion

*Occurs when a part of a chromosome is copied (duplicated) too many times *longer

Duplication

*When a segment of a chromosome is reverese end to end

Inversion

*The addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

Insertion

*Segments of two chromosomes interchanged

Translocation

*Chromosomes that make up a pair fail to seprate during disjunction *Result to unequal number of chromosomes

Nondisjuction

What is the blueprint of life?

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

What is the shape of the DNA?

Twisted ladder / Double Helix

*It composed of deoxyribose sugars and phosphate *The rungs of ladder are the nitrogenous bases

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (structure)

What are the 3 Nucleotides of DNA

*Deoxyribose Sugar *Phosphate *Nitrogenous Bases

(Nucleotide) It alternates with phosphate groups to form the "backbone" of the DNA polymer and binds to nitrogenous bases

Deoxyribose Sugar

Deoxyribose Sugar is bonded by what?

Glycosidic Bonds

(Nucleotide) *Maintaning the structure which allows the bases to produce proteins and be passes on to new cells

Phosphate Group

(Nucleotide) *Key component of nucleotides *Building blocks of genetic information like DNA and RNA

Nitrogenous Bases

It refers to the double ring structure of the nitrogenous bases:

Purines

What do you call to the single ring structure of the nitrogenous base?

Pyrimidines

Give the 9 persons behind the DNA

*Frederick Griffith (1928) *Oswald Avery (1944) *Ewin Chargaff (1950) *Alfred Hershey & Martha Chase (1952) *Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins (1952) *Francis Crick & James Watson (1953)

*He hythesized that there is a "factor" that can change a harmless bacteria into a harmful one *1928

Frederick Griffith

*He discovered that the "transforming factor" is the DNA *1944

Oswald Avery

*He introduced the "Chargaff's Rule", which is the basis of the base pairing of nucleotides. *1950

Ewin Chargaff

*They concluded that DNA is the genetic material present in bacteriophages *1952

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

*They studied the structure of the DNA using X-ray diffraction technique *1952

Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins

*They Created the double helix model of DNA *1953

Francis Crick and James Watson

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