問題一覧
1
Is a type of open wound thats caused by the skin rubbing against a rough surface. It may be called a scrape or a graze.
Abrasion
2
An abrasion where there is a single line of injury which may be curved or straight.
linear abrasion
3
A form of abrasion where there are several lines of injury which are parallel to one another
multi linear abrasion
4
A form of abrasion where the lines of injury are arranged in haphazard manner.
Confluent abrasion
5
An abrasion in the body surface located in different parts of the body.
Multiple abrasions
6
An abrasion brought about by the stroke of a sharp-pointed instrument over the skin producing the injury. A linear abrasions produced by drawing a sharp point over the surfaces of the skin or mucous membrane. Common examples of such sharp points include plant thorns, barbed wire, human fingernails & animal claws.
Scratches
7
An abrasion due to forcible contact with a rough, hard object resulting in irregular removal of the skin surface impact or Imprint abrasion -An abrasion due to contact with a rough, hard object in which the structural form of the object is reflected over the skin.
GRAZES
8
The penetration of the bullet slug within then tissues of the body. The diameter of the wound of entrance may indicate the caliber of the wounding firearm.
GUNSHOT WOUND
9
Muzzle of the firearm is in direct contact with the body at the moment of discharge. Ex. Suicide &
execution
There is burning of the tissues in the affected area because it is within the flame zone
Particles of gunpowder in and around the wound of the
entrance (visible as dark marks)
Pressure of the bullet slug will cause caving in or excavation of tissues and the contusion collar is seen around the wound entrance.
CONTACT FIRE
10
There is bursting of tissues, burning and blackening of the skin as in contact fire but the particles of gunpowder are present inside as well as around the wound of entrance. The shape of the wound may be lacerated or slit-like and the size is larger than the diameter of the missiles. The excavation of tissues due to the pressure of the penetrating bullet slug may not be as severe as in contact fire.
NEAR CONTACT UP TO 6 INCHES DISTANCE
11
The size of the wound gradually approximates the size of the missile. As the distance from the target becomes farther, the burning or blackening of tissues, gunpowder tattooing, singeing of the hair and excavation of tissues becomes lesser and lesser until it disappears beyond the 24 inches distance.
DISTANCE ABOVE 6 INCHES UP TO 24 INCHES AND BEYOND
12
Usually the wound of exit is larger than the projectile but it does not follow any definite shape.
The edge of the wound is everted and sometimes with some tissues or flaps of skin protruding from the wound.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WOUND OF EXIT
13
Is a condition in which foreign matters are introduced into the bloodstream causing sudden block of the blood flow in the arterioles and capillaries
embolism
14
Gunshot wound is in the forearms reach
Wounding weapon is present
Wound is usually at the mouth, temple, anterior neck or chest and not in the eye, abdomen or back.
Women rarely used guns
Multiple gunshot wounds would suggest homicide.
INDICATORS THAT A GUNSHOT WOUND IS CAUSED BY SUICIDAL ACT:
15
Death or injuries to the body because of less dissociation power of oxygen from the hemoglobin in the blood, thus the tissues will have a diminished power to utilize oxygen.
The degree of damaged depends upon the decreased in temperature duration of exposure, vitality of tissues involved, sex and condition of the body.
Effects of Cold temperature
16
It is a condition of exposure to cold temperature of certain parts of the body which produced mechanical disruption of cell structure and is characterized by diminished body temperature, cold stiffening and pallor which is later on lead to swelling, thrombosis, necrosis and gangrene of the affected tissues.
Frostbite
17
A condition usually seen among those walking over the snow wherein the foot is exposed to freezing temperature characterized by cold stiffening, muscle cramp, necrosis and gangrene of the foot.
Trench foot-
18
A sub-variety of trench foot when the foot is submerged into a cold freezing liquid characterized by decreased body temperature, cold stiffening. Muscle cramp, necrosis and gangrene of the muscles in the foot.
Immersion foot
19
It is a painful contraction of the skeletal muscles usually seen among manual workers in hot environments whose bodily fluids have been depleted of sodium chloride not replaced by heavy losses from sweat.
heat cramps
20
It is a failure of adequate heat elimination almost always related to a breakdown of the sweating mechanism usually seen among workers working in a warm environment or exposed to the heat of the sun and is manifested by an evaluation of body temperature, mental confusion, staggering gait, injuries to the central nervous system which is edema and destruction of nerve cells as well as congestion and focal hemorrhages in various organs.
heat stroke
21
It is the burn due to contact with a hot or boiling liquid or gas over the body characterized by redness, pain and blister formation.
scald
22
It is the injury due to the application of physical heat in any form to the body and is characterized by redness and heat coagulation of the tissues to actual charring.
burns
23
It is a type of burned caused by the application of heat or hot object.
thermal burn
24
A type of burn due to chemicals like strong acids
chemical burn
25
A burn due to electric current.
electric burn
26
A burn due to radiation from radio-active substances such as X-ray.
radiation burn
27
A burn when the body comes in contact with the moving object either by sliding, rotating or rubbing.
friction skin
28
Is the thin, outer layer of the skin. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which are cells that produce melanin (skin pigment).
epidermis
29
Is the middle layer of the skin. The dermis is held together by a protein called collagen, made by fibroblasts. This layer also contains nerve endings that conduct pain and touch signals.
dermis
30
Is the deepest layer of skin. The subcutis, consisting of a network of collagen and fat cells, helps conserve the body's heat and protects the body from injury by acting as a "shock absorber."
Subcutis
31
First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually involves an increase or decrease in the skin color
FIRST-DEGREE (SUPERFICIAL) BURNS
32
degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.
SECOND-DEGREE (PARTIAL THICKNESS) BURNSSecond
33
Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. When bones, muscles, or tendons are also burned, this may be referred to as a fourth-degree burn. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed
THIRD-DEGREE (FULL THICKNESS) BURNS
34
Charring injury due to incineration of tissues. There is a complete destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, as well as complete or partial charring of the bone.
FOURTH DEGREE BURNS
35
The failure or disturbance of the respiratory process brought about by the lack or insufficiency of oxygen in the brain. The unconsciousness that results sometimes leads to death. A condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing.
asphyxia
36
Is a mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the mouth and/or nostrils, for instance, by covering the mouth and nose with a hand, pillow, or a plastic bag. Smothering with the hands or chest is used in some combat sports to distract the opponent, and create openings for transitions, as the opponent is forced to react to the smothering. It may difficult to diagnose smothering as the mechanisms of death, especially when the victims are very young children, the elderly or infirmed who cannot resist and will show no sign of struggle such as bruises and abrasions to the face, lips, or inside the mouth.
SMOTHERING
37
Refers to the exclusion of air from the lungs by means other than compression of neck, such as through entrapment in an airtight enclosure with inadequate oxygen in the environment. It is the most common term used for deaths associated with reduced availability of oxygen as well as in cases where other nontoxic irrespirable gases are encountered.
SUFFOCATION
38
Happens when an object lodges in the throat or windpipe blocking the flow of air. In adults, a piece of food is usually to blame. Young children often choke on small objects. Choking is life-threatening. It cuts off oxygen to the brain.
choking
39
Is a form of violent asphyxial death that is caused by the constriction of the neck utilizing ligature or any other means without suspending the body. It is different from hanging and can be distinguished by observing various features. In strangulation, there is an application of external force due to the compression caused in the neck by hand or a rope, belt, stick, etc.
Based on means used to constrict the neck, strangulation deaths are classified into- Ligature strangulation, Mugging, Bansdola, Garroting, Palmar strangulation, Manual strangulation/Throttling. Based on the manner of death it is classified into Homicidal and Accidental strangulation.
STRANGULATION
40
It is the violent form of death caused by constricting the neck employing any ligature material like a rope, belt, wire, cable, cloth, etc. without suspending the body.
LIGATURE STRANGULATION
41
It is a violent asphyxial death when the neck is compressed manually by using human hands.
THROTTLING
42
It is also known as arm lock. It is caused by holding the neck of a person in the bend of the elbow thus exerting pressure over the larynx or side of the neck by the forearm and arm.
MUGGING
43
In Spain it was a method of judicial execution where a twisting device is placed around the neck and tightened by a screw causing the victim to strangulate.
GARROTING
44
A wooden piece, pole, stick or rod, or bamboo is placed over the front of neck and another is placed at the back. Any one end of these sticks will be tied together and the other end is brought close forcefully together to squeeze or compress the neck in between the two sticks, thus causing death.
Strangulation is usually homicidal and rarely accidental. It is necessary to observe the strangulation marks because sometimes to hide the case of homicide, the accused might kill by strangulation and then hang the body to make it look like suicide by hanging.
The mark on the neck is a vital piece of evidence that can reflect the material used for the ligature. Scratches and bruises on the neck may have been caused by the victim trying to pull off the ligature.
It is important to distinguish between strangulation and hanging by observing various salient differentiating features. Observing the features of strangulation can also give the idea about the material used, the position of the perpetrator, the force exerted and so on which can help in the further investigation of the case.
BANSDOLA
45
Refers to a situation where a victims own body weight (or part of their body weight) causes a compressive force to be applied to the neck. A ligature device (rope, cord, belt, or other material fashioned into a slip knot) is wound around the neck in a snug fit, after which the person lets his/her own weight apply the suffocating force.
hanging
46
or inanition is a deprivation of food and water which is necessary for the maintenance of life and health. The length of survival depends upon the body build, age, sex concomitant disease and the presence and absence of water. Without food and water a person cannot survive in 7-10 days, but in those without food but with water the length of survival is about 30-60 days.
Starvation
47
starvation which occurs when the food and water is suddenly and completely withdrawn.
Acute starvation
48
starvation wherein the deprivation of food and o water occurs in gradual manner.
Chronic starvation
49
Sex is an inborn instinct of man. Any person without desire of se is considered abnormal. Sexual crimes may generally classified into two: harassment and assault both of which are not only a transgression of the law but such acts are considered as insulting to norms and culture of the society.
Sexual offenses and deviations
50
Is a sexual act committed by any person by uttering obscene language which irritates the victim as well as the unconventional sexual acts which are not in conformity with the moral standard in a society. Sexual assault is genderless crime" which involves unconventional sexual acts of violence and aggression committed on the genital, oral or anal orifice of another person.
Sexual harassment
51
Is a sexual act involving bodily connection done by penetration of the sex organ of the male with that of the female organ. It is Interchangeably used with sexual intercourse or coitus.
Carnal knowledge
52
Understanding of the medical evidences in sexual crimes for the proper preservation of the specimen to be needed for medical examination. Appreciation of the probative value of the medical evidence of sexual crime in court.
IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE TO THE CRIMINOLOGIST:
53
is an unnatural sexual behavior by certain individual which is done usually in privacy but maybe done in public or done in a bizarre manner. The sexually deviant individual who indulged to some sexual deviations may sometimes lead to the commission of sexual offenses, but most of the individuals do not exhibit criminal intent but only a normal sexual act or a manifestation of mental disorder.
sexual deviation
54
An aggressive sexual behavior wherein the offender performed sexual intercourse or other sexual act and then kills the victim afterwards.
Lust murder- Necrosadism
55
A sexual behavior wherein the offender inflict harm to another person in order to attain sexual gratification. A sadist is an individual who gains sexual satisfaction from harming another person.
Sadism
56
A sexual perversion in which sexual pleasure maybe attained after being whipped or harmed. The masochist usually a female gains sexual gratification by experiencing pain before, during or after sexual act.
Masochism
57
Indecent exposure: This is a willful exposure of the naked body in public for sexual gratification.
Exhibitionism
58
A sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained by watching couples engaged in sexual intercourse within a group of people.
Mixoscopia
59
A sexual perversion in which sexual pleasure may be done by sexual intercourse or sexual! activity between 2 women.
Aoshianism- Tribadism
60
A sexual activity done by 2 or more couples performing sexual intercourse at the same time, in the same room or places, and then exchange partners afterwards as a result of sexual festival. Also known as "orgy".
pluralism
61
A sexual act involving three persons performing sexual intercourse, fellatio, cunnilingus and other sexual activities. 3 persons consisting of 2 men and a woman or a man and two women sexual partners.
troilism
62
Self- gratification: A form of sexual deviation done by fondling or touching the extremal genital organ to attain sexual pleasure.
masturbation
63
Peeping Tom: A sexual act performed by male and sometimes the female wherein sexual pleasure is attained by seeing persons undressing or engaged in sexual activity.
voyeurism
64
An excessive desire for sexual intercourse in the male.
satyriasis
65
A sexual deviation found in the male who have special affinity on certain parts of the body of female to arouse sexual pleasure before intercourse.
partialism
66
A sexual deviation in the male where in gratification may be attained by licking or sucking the female genital organ, usually, this is followed by sexual intercourse.
cunninglingus
67
A form of sexual perversion seen in person in the prisons or mental hospitals in which sexual intercourse done to the anus of another person
sodomy
68
A sexually deviation usually done by person with mental disorder in which sexual intercourse is performed with the animals.
bestiality
69
A sexual perversion wherein the male performed the passive role while the female is in active role in sexual intercourse.
Paedeastia
70
A sexual perversion wherein pleasure may be attained by sexual act or sexual intercourse with a corpse.
Necrophilia
71
A sexual behavior in the male who is characterized to have many women in his life.
don juanism
72
lt is an excessive desire for sexual intercourse in the female.
Nymphomania
73
A sexual deviation wherein the partner places the male genital organ in the mouth to attain sexual gratification.
fellatio
74
A sexual perversion wherein a person has extreme admiration and love for oneself in which pleasure is attained by doing naked and watching oneself in the mirror.
narcissism
75
A sexual deviation done usually in crowded places by the male who attains sexual pleasure by rubbing against some parts of the body of the opposite sex.
frottage
76
A form of sexual perversion found in the male who attains sexual pleasure from the clothing or body parts of the female. It is different from partialism in the sense that it confers on the clothing or body parts of the female which arouse sexual feeling and produce orgasm without sexual intercourse to follow in partialism
fetishism
77
A sexual deviation wherein a person had an erotic sexual desire on children and gratification is attained by touching the private sex organs of children.
pedophilia
78
A sexual deviation characterized by the use of obscene language as the sole power to arouse sexual excitement. It is exemplified in the form of obscene letter writing and obscene telephone calling.
coprolalia
79
Is a condition of a woman or female who have not experienced sexual intercourse or whose genital organs had not been altered by coitus.
virginity
80
Is the rupture or laceration of the hymen in woman due to sexual intercourse. It is the common occurrence among the bride in a newly married couple or in a virgin who had first engaged in sexual intercourse with another man.
defloration
81
It is a state of virginity wherein a female is not physical matured or still not conscious about sex and had not experienced sexual intercourse. It is usually seen in female children whose secondary sex characteristics and sex organs have not yet been fully developed
Moral virginity
82
A condition of virginity wherein a woman is already conscious about sex and had already developed the sexual organs and sex characteristics but has not yet experienced sexual intercourse. The hymen is a thin membrane covering between true physical virginity and false physical virginity.
physical virginity
83
Is a condition in woman who is sexually matured, had not experienced sexual intercourse and whose hymen is distensible, although not ruptured.
False physical virginity
84
This is a virginity wherein the woman had some, sexual act with either man or woman but with the exception of sexual intercourse or rupturing of the hymen. The sexual acts maybe exhibitionism or partialism.
Demi-virginity
85
This is not actually virginity because the woman had one or more sexual intercourse with another man but had not borne a child yet.
Virgo-intact
86
The external genital organs and other female parts make them extremely vulnerable to injury in medicolegal cases. Breasts: The breast is 2 masses of fleshy tissues at the region of the chest with its nipple at the center and surrounded by pinkish-brown areola. in sexual crimes, injuries may be observed in the breast such as abrasion marks from the grip of the fingers, laceration and even bite marks over the nipples.
EVIDENCE TO PROVE VIRGINITY AND DEFLORATION
87
it is a muscular membranous canal used as a female copulation organ and covered by hymen externally. The lining of the vaginal canal formed numerous transverse ridges. The vagina if not altered is usually tight and with sharp distinct rigidities; however; if altered such as in sexual intercourse, placing instruments and even strenuous physical activity, the canal maybe lax and with flattening of the rugae.
VAGINAL CANAL
88
The labia majora which cover the labia minora are composed of two layers: a thick pigmented outer layer covered with hairs and an inner smooth layer containing sebaceous follicles. The labia minora is devoid of hair follicles but contains sebaceous glands and has a tendency to be erectile. These structures are not used as a basis to conclusively determine the virginity of a woman. The labia majora and labia minora maybe gaping in some women and yet have not experienced sexual intercourse while others may have plump, firm and well coaptated labia but have already experienced sexual intercourse.
LABIA MAJORA AND LABIA MINORA
89
The fourchette is the V- shape structure formed by the union of the labia minora posteriorly and below the vaginal orifice. Perineum is the area between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anterior margin of the anus. This is lacerated during the passage of the fetus in the birth canal and in sexual act.
FOURCHETTE AND PERINEUM
90
is a thin fold of mucus membrane attached around the vaginal orifice its shape and structure may determine the appearance of the vaginal orifice. lt may be partially closing the vagina orifice, presenting an opening that varies in size from a pinpoint to a caliber that readily admits the tip of one or even two examining fingers. it may be a delicate membrane that can easily be ruptured or maybe tough and fibrous. It is ruptured during sexual act, instrumentation, childbirth and strenuous physical activity of a woman.
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51問 • 1年前問題一覧
1
Is a type of open wound thats caused by the skin rubbing against a rough surface. It may be called a scrape or a graze.
Abrasion
2
An abrasion where there is a single line of injury which may be curved or straight.
linear abrasion
3
A form of abrasion where there are several lines of injury which are parallel to one another
multi linear abrasion
4
A form of abrasion where the lines of injury are arranged in haphazard manner.
Confluent abrasion
5
An abrasion in the body surface located in different parts of the body.
Multiple abrasions
6
An abrasion brought about by the stroke of a sharp-pointed instrument over the skin producing the injury. A linear abrasions produced by drawing a sharp point over the surfaces of the skin or mucous membrane. Common examples of such sharp points include plant thorns, barbed wire, human fingernails & animal claws.
Scratches
7
An abrasion due to forcible contact with a rough, hard object resulting in irregular removal of the skin surface impact or Imprint abrasion -An abrasion due to contact with a rough, hard object in which the structural form of the object is reflected over the skin.
GRAZES
8
The penetration of the bullet slug within then tissues of the body. The diameter of the wound of entrance may indicate the caliber of the wounding firearm.
GUNSHOT WOUND
9
Muzzle of the firearm is in direct contact with the body at the moment of discharge. Ex. Suicide &
execution
There is burning of the tissues in the affected area because it is within the flame zone
Particles of gunpowder in and around the wound of the
entrance (visible as dark marks)
Pressure of the bullet slug will cause caving in or excavation of tissues and the contusion collar is seen around the wound entrance.
CONTACT FIRE
10
There is bursting of tissues, burning and blackening of the skin as in contact fire but the particles of gunpowder are present inside as well as around the wound of entrance. The shape of the wound may be lacerated or slit-like and the size is larger than the diameter of the missiles. The excavation of tissues due to the pressure of the penetrating bullet slug may not be as severe as in contact fire.
NEAR CONTACT UP TO 6 INCHES DISTANCE
11
The size of the wound gradually approximates the size of the missile. As the distance from the target becomes farther, the burning or blackening of tissues, gunpowder tattooing, singeing of the hair and excavation of tissues becomes lesser and lesser until it disappears beyond the 24 inches distance.
DISTANCE ABOVE 6 INCHES UP TO 24 INCHES AND BEYOND
12
Usually the wound of exit is larger than the projectile but it does not follow any definite shape.
The edge of the wound is everted and sometimes with some tissues or flaps of skin protruding from the wound.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE WOUND OF EXIT
13
Is a condition in which foreign matters are introduced into the bloodstream causing sudden block of the blood flow in the arterioles and capillaries
embolism
14
Gunshot wound is in the forearms reach
Wounding weapon is present
Wound is usually at the mouth, temple, anterior neck or chest and not in the eye, abdomen or back.
Women rarely used guns
Multiple gunshot wounds would suggest homicide.
INDICATORS THAT A GUNSHOT WOUND IS CAUSED BY SUICIDAL ACT:
15
Death or injuries to the body because of less dissociation power of oxygen from the hemoglobin in the blood, thus the tissues will have a diminished power to utilize oxygen.
The degree of damaged depends upon the decreased in temperature duration of exposure, vitality of tissues involved, sex and condition of the body.
Effects of Cold temperature
16
It is a condition of exposure to cold temperature of certain parts of the body which produced mechanical disruption of cell structure and is characterized by diminished body temperature, cold stiffening and pallor which is later on lead to swelling, thrombosis, necrosis and gangrene of the affected tissues.
Frostbite
17
A condition usually seen among those walking over the snow wherein the foot is exposed to freezing temperature characterized by cold stiffening, muscle cramp, necrosis and gangrene of the foot.
Trench foot-
18
A sub-variety of trench foot when the foot is submerged into a cold freezing liquid characterized by decreased body temperature, cold stiffening. Muscle cramp, necrosis and gangrene of the muscles in the foot.
Immersion foot
19
It is a painful contraction of the skeletal muscles usually seen among manual workers in hot environments whose bodily fluids have been depleted of sodium chloride not replaced by heavy losses from sweat.
heat cramps
20
It is a failure of adequate heat elimination almost always related to a breakdown of the sweating mechanism usually seen among workers working in a warm environment or exposed to the heat of the sun and is manifested by an evaluation of body temperature, mental confusion, staggering gait, injuries to the central nervous system which is edema and destruction of nerve cells as well as congestion and focal hemorrhages in various organs.
heat stroke
21
It is the burn due to contact with a hot or boiling liquid or gas over the body characterized by redness, pain and blister formation.
scald
22
It is the injury due to the application of physical heat in any form to the body and is characterized by redness and heat coagulation of the tissues to actual charring.
burns
23
It is a type of burned caused by the application of heat or hot object.
thermal burn
24
A type of burn due to chemicals like strong acids
chemical burn
25
A burn due to electric current.
electric burn
26
A burn due to radiation from radio-active substances such as X-ray.
radiation burn
27
A burn when the body comes in contact with the moving object either by sliding, rotating or rubbing.
friction skin
28
Is the thin, outer layer of the skin. The epidermis also contains melanocytes, which are cells that produce melanin (skin pigment).
epidermis
29
Is the middle layer of the skin. The dermis is held together by a protein called collagen, made by fibroblasts. This layer also contains nerve endings that conduct pain and touch signals.
dermis
30
Is the deepest layer of skin. The subcutis, consisting of a network of collagen and fat cells, helps conserve the body's heat and protects the body from injury by acting as a "shock absorber."
Subcutis
31
First-degree burns affect only the epidermis, or outer layer of skin. The burn site is red, painful, dry, and with no blisters. Mild sunburn is an example. Long-term tissue damage is rare and usually involves an increase or decrease in the skin color
FIRST-DEGREE (SUPERFICIAL) BURNS
32
degree burns involve the epidermis and part of the dermis layer of skin. The burn site appears red, blistered, and may be swollen and painful.
SECOND-DEGREE (PARTIAL THICKNESS) BURNSSecond
33
Third-degree burns destroy the epidermis and dermis. Third-degree burns may also damage the underlying bones, muscles, and tendons. When bones, muscles, or tendons are also burned, this may be referred to as a fourth-degree burn. The burn site appears white or charred. There is no feeling in the area since the nerve endings are destroyed
THIRD-DEGREE (FULL THICKNESS) BURNS
34
Charring injury due to incineration of tissues. There is a complete destruction of the skin and subcutaneous tissues, as well as complete or partial charring of the bone.
FOURTH DEGREE BURNS
35
The failure or disturbance of the respiratory process brought about by the lack or insufficiency of oxygen in the brain. The unconsciousness that results sometimes leads to death. A condition of deficient supply of oxygen to the body which arises from abnormal breathing.
asphyxia
36
Is a mechanical obstruction of the flow of air from the environment into the mouth and/or nostrils, for instance, by covering the mouth and nose with a hand, pillow, or a plastic bag. Smothering with the hands or chest is used in some combat sports to distract the opponent, and create openings for transitions, as the opponent is forced to react to the smothering. It may difficult to diagnose smothering as the mechanisms of death, especially when the victims are very young children, the elderly or infirmed who cannot resist and will show no sign of struggle such as bruises and abrasions to the face, lips, or inside the mouth.
SMOTHERING
37
Refers to the exclusion of air from the lungs by means other than compression of neck, such as through entrapment in an airtight enclosure with inadequate oxygen in the environment. It is the most common term used for deaths associated with reduced availability of oxygen as well as in cases where other nontoxic irrespirable gases are encountered.
SUFFOCATION
38
Happens when an object lodges in the throat or windpipe blocking the flow of air. In adults, a piece of food is usually to blame. Young children often choke on small objects. Choking is life-threatening. It cuts off oxygen to the brain.
choking
39
Is a form of violent asphyxial death that is caused by the constriction of the neck utilizing ligature or any other means without suspending the body. It is different from hanging and can be distinguished by observing various features. In strangulation, there is an application of external force due to the compression caused in the neck by hand or a rope, belt, stick, etc.
Based on means used to constrict the neck, strangulation deaths are classified into- Ligature strangulation, Mugging, Bansdola, Garroting, Palmar strangulation, Manual strangulation/Throttling. Based on the manner of death it is classified into Homicidal and Accidental strangulation.
STRANGULATION
40
It is the violent form of death caused by constricting the neck employing any ligature material like a rope, belt, wire, cable, cloth, etc. without suspending the body.
LIGATURE STRANGULATION
41
It is a violent asphyxial death when the neck is compressed manually by using human hands.
THROTTLING
42
It is also known as arm lock. It is caused by holding the neck of a person in the bend of the elbow thus exerting pressure over the larynx or side of the neck by the forearm and arm.
MUGGING
43
In Spain it was a method of judicial execution where a twisting device is placed around the neck and tightened by a screw causing the victim to strangulate.
GARROTING
44
A wooden piece, pole, stick or rod, or bamboo is placed over the front of neck and another is placed at the back. Any one end of these sticks will be tied together and the other end is brought close forcefully together to squeeze or compress the neck in between the two sticks, thus causing death.
Strangulation is usually homicidal and rarely accidental. It is necessary to observe the strangulation marks because sometimes to hide the case of homicide, the accused might kill by strangulation and then hang the body to make it look like suicide by hanging.
The mark on the neck is a vital piece of evidence that can reflect the material used for the ligature. Scratches and bruises on the neck may have been caused by the victim trying to pull off the ligature.
It is important to distinguish between strangulation and hanging by observing various salient differentiating features. Observing the features of strangulation can also give the idea about the material used, the position of the perpetrator, the force exerted and so on which can help in the further investigation of the case.
BANSDOLA
45
Refers to a situation where a victims own body weight (or part of their body weight) causes a compressive force to be applied to the neck. A ligature device (rope, cord, belt, or other material fashioned into a slip knot) is wound around the neck in a snug fit, after which the person lets his/her own weight apply the suffocating force.
hanging
46
or inanition is a deprivation of food and water which is necessary for the maintenance of life and health. The length of survival depends upon the body build, age, sex concomitant disease and the presence and absence of water. Without food and water a person cannot survive in 7-10 days, but in those without food but with water the length of survival is about 30-60 days.
Starvation
47
starvation which occurs when the food and water is suddenly and completely withdrawn.
Acute starvation
48
starvation wherein the deprivation of food and o water occurs in gradual manner.
Chronic starvation
49
Sex is an inborn instinct of man. Any person without desire of se is considered abnormal. Sexual crimes may generally classified into two: harassment and assault both of which are not only a transgression of the law but such acts are considered as insulting to norms and culture of the society.
Sexual offenses and deviations
50
Is a sexual act committed by any person by uttering obscene language which irritates the victim as well as the unconventional sexual acts which are not in conformity with the moral standard in a society. Sexual assault is genderless crime" which involves unconventional sexual acts of violence and aggression committed on the genital, oral or anal orifice of another person.
Sexual harassment
51
Is a sexual act involving bodily connection done by penetration of the sex organ of the male with that of the female organ. It is Interchangeably used with sexual intercourse or coitus.
Carnal knowledge
52
Understanding of the medical evidences in sexual crimes for the proper preservation of the specimen to be needed for medical examination. Appreciation of the probative value of the medical evidence of sexual crime in court.
IMPORTANCE OF MEDICAL EVIDENCE TO THE CRIMINOLOGIST:
53
is an unnatural sexual behavior by certain individual which is done usually in privacy but maybe done in public or done in a bizarre manner. The sexually deviant individual who indulged to some sexual deviations may sometimes lead to the commission of sexual offenses, but most of the individuals do not exhibit criminal intent but only a normal sexual act or a manifestation of mental disorder.
sexual deviation
54
An aggressive sexual behavior wherein the offender performed sexual intercourse or other sexual act and then kills the victim afterwards.
Lust murder- Necrosadism
55
A sexual behavior wherein the offender inflict harm to another person in order to attain sexual gratification. A sadist is an individual who gains sexual satisfaction from harming another person.
Sadism
56
A sexual perversion in which sexual pleasure maybe attained after being whipped or harmed. The masochist usually a female gains sexual gratification by experiencing pain before, during or after sexual act.
Masochism
57
Indecent exposure: This is a willful exposure of the naked body in public for sexual gratification.
Exhibitionism
58
A sexual perversion wherein sexual pleasure is attained by watching couples engaged in sexual intercourse within a group of people.
Mixoscopia
59
A sexual perversion in which sexual pleasure may be done by sexual intercourse or sexual! activity between 2 women.
Aoshianism- Tribadism
60
A sexual activity done by 2 or more couples performing sexual intercourse at the same time, in the same room or places, and then exchange partners afterwards as a result of sexual festival. Also known as "orgy".
pluralism
61
A sexual act involving three persons performing sexual intercourse, fellatio, cunnilingus and other sexual activities. 3 persons consisting of 2 men and a woman or a man and two women sexual partners.
troilism
62
Self- gratification: A form of sexual deviation done by fondling or touching the extremal genital organ to attain sexual pleasure.
masturbation
63
Peeping Tom: A sexual act performed by male and sometimes the female wherein sexual pleasure is attained by seeing persons undressing or engaged in sexual activity.
voyeurism
64
An excessive desire for sexual intercourse in the male.
satyriasis
65
A sexual deviation found in the male who have special affinity on certain parts of the body of female to arouse sexual pleasure before intercourse.
partialism
66
A sexual deviation in the male where in gratification may be attained by licking or sucking the female genital organ, usually, this is followed by sexual intercourse.
cunninglingus
67
A form of sexual perversion seen in person in the prisons or mental hospitals in which sexual intercourse done to the anus of another person
sodomy
68
A sexually deviation usually done by person with mental disorder in which sexual intercourse is performed with the animals.
bestiality
69
A sexual perversion wherein the male performed the passive role while the female is in active role in sexual intercourse.
Paedeastia
70
A sexual perversion wherein pleasure may be attained by sexual act or sexual intercourse with a corpse.
Necrophilia
71
A sexual behavior in the male who is characterized to have many women in his life.
don juanism
72
lt is an excessive desire for sexual intercourse in the female.
Nymphomania
73
A sexual deviation wherein the partner places the male genital organ in the mouth to attain sexual gratification.
fellatio
74
A sexual perversion wherein a person has extreme admiration and love for oneself in which pleasure is attained by doing naked and watching oneself in the mirror.
narcissism
75
A sexual deviation done usually in crowded places by the male who attains sexual pleasure by rubbing against some parts of the body of the opposite sex.
frottage
76
A form of sexual perversion found in the male who attains sexual pleasure from the clothing or body parts of the female. It is different from partialism in the sense that it confers on the clothing or body parts of the female which arouse sexual feeling and produce orgasm without sexual intercourse to follow in partialism
fetishism
77
A sexual deviation wherein a person had an erotic sexual desire on children and gratification is attained by touching the private sex organs of children.
pedophilia
78
A sexual deviation characterized by the use of obscene language as the sole power to arouse sexual excitement. It is exemplified in the form of obscene letter writing and obscene telephone calling.
coprolalia
79
Is a condition of a woman or female who have not experienced sexual intercourse or whose genital organs had not been altered by coitus.
virginity
80
Is the rupture or laceration of the hymen in woman due to sexual intercourse. It is the common occurrence among the bride in a newly married couple or in a virgin who had first engaged in sexual intercourse with another man.
defloration
81
It is a state of virginity wherein a female is not physical matured or still not conscious about sex and had not experienced sexual intercourse. It is usually seen in female children whose secondary sex characteristics and sex organs have not yet been fully developed
Moral virginity
82
A condition of virginity wherein a woman is already conscious about sex and had already developed the sexual organs and sex characteristics but has not yet experienced sexual intercourse. The hymen is a thin membrane covering between true physical virginity and false physical virginity.
physical virginity
83
Is a condition in woman who is sexually matured, had not experienced sexual intercourse and whose hymen is distensible, although not ruptured.
False physical virginity
84
This is a virginity wherein the woman had some, sexual act with either man or woman but with the exception of sexual intercourse or rupturing of the hymen. The sexual acts maybe exhibitionism or partialism.
Demi-virginity
85
This is not actually virginity because the woman had one or more sexual intercourse with another man but had not borne a child yet.
Virgo-intact
86
The external genital organs and other female parts make them extremely vulnerable to injury in medicolegal cases. Breasts: The breast is 2 masses of fleshy tissues at the region of the chest with its nipple at the center and surrounded by pinkish-brown areola. in sexual crimes, injuries may be observed in the breast such as abrasion marks from the grip of the fingers, laceration and even bite marks over the nipples.
EVIDENCE TO PROVE VIRGINITY AND DEFLORATION
87
it is a muscular membranous canal used as a female copulation organ and covered by hymen externally. The lining of the vaginal canal formed numerous transverse ridges. The vagina if not altered is usually tight and with sharp distinct rigidities; however; if altered such as in sexual intercourse, placing instruments and even strenuous physical activity, the canal maybe lax and with flattening of the rugae.
VAGINAL CANAL
88
The labia majora which cover the labia minora are composed of two layers: a thick pigmented outer layer covered with hairs and an inner smooth layer containing sebaceous follicles. The labia minora is devoid of hair follicles but contains sebaceous glands and has a tendency to be erectile. These structures are not used as a basis to conclusively determine the virginity of a woman. The labia majora and labia minora maybe gaping in some women and yet have not experienced sexual intercourse while others may have plump, firm and well coaptated labia but have already experienced sexual intercourse.
LABIA MAJORA AND LABIA MINORA
89
The fourchette is the V- shape structure formed by the union of the labia minora posteriorly and below the vaginal orifice. Perineum is the area between the posterior commissure of the labia majora and the anterior margin of the anus. This is lacerated during the passage of the fetus in the birth canal and in sexual act.
FOURCHETTE AND PERINEUM
90
is a thin fold of mucus membrane attached around the vaginal orifice its shape and structure may determine the appearance of the vaginal orifice. lt may be partially closing the vagina orifice, presenting an opening that varies in size from a pinpoint to a caliber that readily admits the tip of one or even two examining fingers. it may be a delicate membrane that can easily be ruptured or maybe tough and fibrous. It is ruptured during sexual act, instrumentation, childbirth and strenuous physical activity of a woman.
hymen