Understanding The Self
問題一覧
1
The Ancient Triumvirate are:
Socrates, Aristotle, Plato
2
Know Thy Self means:
1.Man must live and stand according to his nature 2. Man must look at himself
3
“Know thy self” means:
1. Man must live and stand according to his nature 2. Man must look at himself
4
The author of Know thy self
Socrates
5
“An unexamined life is not worth living.” is advocated by
Socrates
6
Changeable, transient, imperfect World of
Senses/Matter
Physical World
7
Unchanging, eternal, perfect World of Ideas/Form
Spiritual World
8
who's advocate 3 part of Soul/Self (Psyche)
Plato
9
the divine essence that lets us think deeply (wisdom), make
wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
Reason
10
Apathy or indifference to pleasure
Stoicism
11
“Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, you will
Hedonism
12
Moderate pleasure
Epicureanism
13
From the scientific investigation on nature and search for happiness
to the question of life and salvation in another realm, in a better world
(i.e., the afterlife
Theo-Centric
14
1. Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets of Christianity
2. Platonic Realm of Idea = Christian Philosophy of a Transcendent God
3. The self-strives to achieve union with God through faith and reason
St. Augustine
15
1. Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around
us (objects in our environment)
2. We don’t encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather
always as agents interacting with our environment
a. The labels we attribute to ourselves are taken from the things we
encounter in our environment
St. Thomas Aquinas
16
Genuine knowledge has to be based on independent rational inquiry and
real world experimentation, rather than dependent on knowledge handed down
by authorities
Modern Philosophy (14th Century to the early 20th Century)
17
1. Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ (medieval thinkers)
excessive reliance on authority
2. Period of radical social, political and intellectual developments
Anthropocentric
18
whos advocate “Cogito ergo sum”
Rene Descartes
19
Governed by laws of reason & God’s Will
Thinking (Spiritual) Self
20
Governed by the laws of nature
Physical body
21
1. The self is endured because of memory
2. Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the
keys to understanding the self
John Locke
22
1. Impressions – basic sensations of experiences
2. The self is a “bundle or collection of different perceptions, which
succeed each other in an inconceivable rapidity, and are in perpetual
flux and movement”
David Hume
23
1. the prior concepts
2. The self actively organizes all the sensations and thoughts into a
picture that makes sense to each one of us
3. Self as subject, not object
Immanuel Kant
24
who's the father of psychoanalysis
Sigmun Freud
25
1. The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered:
a. Conscious – refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are
aware of
b. Preconscious – experiences that are unconscious but could
become conscious with little effort
c. Unconscious – contains all drives, urges or instincts that are
beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and
behavior
Sigmund Freud
26
The self is defined in terms of behavior that is presented to the world
2. The self is a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a
person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances
Gilbert Ryle
27
Eliminative Materialism
1. Grounded in neuroscience
2. The mind/self is the brain
Paul Churchland
28
1. Political Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Scientific advancements and growth of materialism
4. Theory of Evolution
5. More humanist as a response to the so-called alienation of the human
person
Contemporary Philosophy (Late 19th Century)
29
1. We experience our self as a unity which the mental and physical are
seamlessly woven together
Edmund Husserl
30
1. An entity that can never be objectified or known in a completely
objective sort of way, as opposed to the “body as object” of the
dualists
2. “There is no duality of substance but dialectic of living being in its
biological milieu”
Maurice Marleau Porty
31
the self is a relatively stable set
of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to
social systems
Classical social sociological perspective
32
1. A person’s self grows out of a person´s social interaction with others
2. The view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal
qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
3. Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really
are, but rather from how we believe others see us
The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley)
33
The self-based on psychoanalytic approach and cognitive construction
Psychology
34
who's the author of structure of the self
Sigmund Freud
35
a. Natural part of the self
b. Animalistic nature of man
c. Pleasure seeking part of the personality
d. Determined by the genetic code
e. Providing the raw materials
f. Setting the boundary conditions for development
Id
36
IDEALISTIC PRINCIPLE incorporates the values and morals of society
which are learned from one's parents and others
Superego
37
a. The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it
operates to fulfil the reality principle
b. The ego constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the
id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world
Ego (Psychological Self) Reality Self
38
when the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or
blocks unpleasant feelings
Repression
39
redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening
people or objects
Displacement
40
the ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times
of stress or anxiety
Regression
41
attributing the unwanted impulse to another person.
Projection
42
suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it
with a creative cultural accomplishment
Sublimation
43
Functionalism
William James
44
Symbolic Interactionism
George Herbert Mead
45
The _ is the socialized aspect of the person
Me
46
The “I” is the active aspect of the person
I
47
1. Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching
and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique
Imaginary Audience
48
a. What we look like
b. How we feel in different types of situation
c. How we behave towards others
d. What do we do at work?
e. What are the roles we have in the family or society?
Mental Representation
49
Real and Ideal Self author
Carl Rogers
50
Self as defined by Social Comparisonb author
Leon Festinger
51
a. Considering your present condition in relation to how you were in
the past
Temporal Comparison
52
a. Evaluating yourself in comparison to others – using others as a
basis for evaluating your attributes
Social Comparison
53
When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better
than us
b. Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability
c. A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward
comparisons, and usually assume himself/herself as better or
equal to the “best person”
d. Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make
upward comparisons instead of downward ones
Upward Social Comparison
54
a. When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than
ourselves
b. Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities
c. A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this
to feel better about himself/herself
Downward Social Comparison
55
Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous
condition in making comparison
Passive Downward Comparison
56
a. Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by
demeaning or causing harm to them
b. By derogating the target or causing harm to him/her, this person
generates a situation in which the target is worse off than him/her,
therefore giving him/her the chance to make a downward
comparison
Active Downward Comparison
57
Motivation plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-evaluation
and self-enhancement.
Self-Evaluation and Self-Enhancement
58
occurs when someone looks for positive traits in
himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares
himself/herself with self-enhancement
Self Evaluation
59
on the other hand, occurs when the person
questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to
reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing
himself/herself with self-esteem
Self Enhancement
60
Used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal
value
Self Esteem
61
The self and person in contemporary anthropology & the self being
embedded in culture
Anthropology
62
autonomous and egocentric
Western self
63
identity shared with others and derived from a culture instead of a
“self”
Non Western Self
64
A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent
part of the universe and the society
Individualism
65
1. A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society
2. People are fundamentally connected
3. Duty towards all others is a very important matter
Collectivism
66
Buddha discovered why life is filled with suffering and how humanity
can escape from this unhappy existence
Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama)
67
Hindus believe that an individual’s action (karma) – the bad or good
actions that the individual performed in a previous life determines his
or her caste
Hinduism
68
Relativity of opposites (i.e., yin and yang)
Taoism
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1
The Ancient Triumvirate are:
Socrates, Aristotle, Plato
2
Know Thy Self means:
1.Man must live and stand according to his nature 2. Man must look at himself
3
“Know thy self” means:
1. Man must live and stand according to his nature 2. Man must look at himself
4
The author of Know thy self
Socrates
5
“An unexamined life is not worth living.” is advocated by
Socrates
6
Changeable, transient, imperfect World of
Senses/Matter
Physical World
7
Unchanging, eternal, perfect World of Ideas/Form
Spiritual World
8
who's advocate 3 part of Soul/Self (Psyche)
Plato
9
the divine essence that lets us think deeply (wisdom), make
wise choices, and achieve a true understanding of eternal truths
Reason
10
Apathy or indifference to pleasure
Stoicism
11
“Eat, drink, and be happy. For tomorrow, you will
Hedonism
12
Moderate pleasure
Epicureanism
13
From the scientific investigation on nature and search for happiness
to the question of life and salvation in another realm, in a better world
(i.e., the afterlife
Theo-Centric
14
1. Integrates Platonic ideas with the tenets of Christianity
2. Platonic Realm of Idea = Christian Philosophy of a Transcendent God
3. The self-strives to achieve union with God through faith and reason
St. Augustine
15
1. Self-knowledge is dependent on our experience of the world around
us (objects in our environment)
2. We don’t encounter ourselves as isolated minds or selves, but rather
always as agents interacting with our environment
a. The labels we attribute to ourselves are taken from the things we
encounter in our environment
St. Thomas Aquinas
16
Genuine knowledge has to be based on independent rational inquiry and
real world experimentation, rather than dependent on knowledge handed down
by authorities
Modern Philosophy (14th Century to the early 20th Century)
17
1. Thinkers began to reject the scholastics’ (medieval thinkers)
excessive reliance on authority
2. Period of radical social, political and intellectual developments
Anthropocentric
18
whos advocate “Cogito ergo sum”
Rene Descartes
19
Governed by laws of reason & God’s Will
Thinking (Spiritual) Self
20
Governed by the laws of nature
Physical body
21
1. The self is endured because of memory
2. Conscious awareness and memory of previous experiences are the
keys to understanding the self
John Locke
22
1. Impressions – basic sensations of experiences
2. The self is a “bundle or collection of different perceptions, which
succeed each other in an inconceivable rapidity, and are in perpetual
flux and movement”
David Hume
23
1. the prior concepts
2. The self actively organizes all the sensations and thoughts into a
picture that makes sense to each one of us
3. Self as subject, not object
Immanuel Kant
24
who's the father of psychoanalysis
Sigmun Freud
25
1. The self is multi-tiered/multi-layered:
a. Conscious – refers to those thoughts and feelings that we are
aware of
b. Preconscious – experiences that are unconscious but could
become conscious with little effort
c. Unconscious – contains all drives, urges or instincts that are
beyond our awareness but motivate our feelings, thoughts and
behavior
Sigmund Freud
26
The self is defined in terms of behavior that is presented to the world
2. The self is a pattern of behavior, the tendency or disposition for a
person to behave in a certain way in certain circumstances
Gilbert Ryle
27
Eliminative Materialism
1. Grounded in neuroscience
2. The mind/self is the brain
Paul Churchland
28
1. Political Revolution
2. Industrial Revolution
3. Scientific advancements and growth of materialism
4. Theory of Evolution
5. More humanist as a response to the so-called alienation of the human
person
Contemporary Philosophy (Late 19th Century)
29
1. We experience our self as a unity which the mental and physical are
seamlessly woven together
Edmund Husserl
30
1. An entity that can never be objectified or known in a completely
objective sort of way, as opposed to the “body as object” of the
dualists
2. “There is no duality of substance but dialectic of living being in its
biological milieu”
Maurice Marleau Porty
31
the self is a relatively stable set
of perceptions of who we are in relation to ourselves, others, and to
social systems
Classical social sociological perspective
32
1. A person’s self grows out of a person´s social interaction with others
2. The view of ourselves comes from the contemplation of personal
qualities and impressions of how others perceive us
3. Actually, how we see ourselves does not come from who we really
are, but rather from how we believe others see us
The Looking Glass Self (Charles Horton Cooley)
33
The self-based on psychoanalytic approach and cognitive construction
Psychology
34
who's the author of structure of the self
Sigmund Freud
35
a. Natural part of the self
b. Animalistic nature of man
c. Pleasure seeking part of the personality
d. Determined by the genetic code
e. Providing the raw materials
f. Setting the boundary conditions for development
Id
36
IDEALISTIC PRINCIPLE incorporates the values and morals of society
which are learned from one's parents and others
Superego
37
a. The only region of the mind that is in contact with reality; it
operates to fulfil the reality principle
b. The ego constantly tries to reconciles the irrational wants of the
id and the superego with the realistic demands of the world
Ego (Psychological Self) Reality Self
38
when the ego is threatened, it unconsciously forgets or
blocks unpleasant feelings
Repression
39
redirecting unacceptable urges to less threatening
people or objects
Displacement
40
the ego may revert back to an earlier stage during times
of stress or anxiety
Regression
41
attributing the unwanted impulse to another person.
Projection
42
suppression of unwanted impulses by substituting it
with a creative cultural accomplishment
Sublimation
43
Functionalism
William James
44
Symbolic Interactionism
George Herbert Mead
45
The _ is the socialized aspect of the person
Me
46
The “I” is the active aspect of the person
I
47
1. Adolescents are thought to believe that others are always watching
and evaluating them, and that they are special and unique
Imaginary Audience
48
a. What we look like
b. How we feel in different types of situation
c. How we behave towards others
d. What do we do at work?
e. What are the roles we have in the family or society?
Mental Representation
49
Real and Ideal Self author
Carl Rogers
50
Self as defined by Social Comparisonb author
Leon Festinger
51
a. Considering your present condition in relation to how you were in
the past
Temporal Comparison
52
a. Evaluating yourself in comparison to others – using others as a
basis for evaluating your attributes
Social Comparison
53
When we compare ourselves with those who we believe are better
than us
b. Often focus on the desire to improve our current level of ability
c. A highly motivated person tends to engage in upward
comparisons, and usually assume himself/herself as better or
equal to the “best person”
d. Studies have shown that if given a chance, people choose to make
upward comparisons instead of downward ones
Upward Social Comparison
54
a. When we compare themselves to others who are worse off than
ourselves
b. Often centered on making ourselves feel better about our abilities
c. A person who is unhappy or is unmotivated usually engages in this
to feel better about himself/herself
Downward Social Comparison
55
Happens when a person takes into consideration the previous
condition in making comparison
Passive Downward Comparison
56
a. Happens when a person compares himself/herself with others by
demeaning or causing harm to them
b. By derogating the target or causing harm to him/her, this person
generates a situation in which the target is worse off than him/her,
therefore giving him/her the chance to make a downward
comparison
Active Downward Comparison
57
Motivation plays a role in this model and is manifested by self-evaluation
and self-enhancement.
Self-Evaluation and Self-Enhancement
58
occurs when someone looks for positive traits in
himself/herself based on the best person he/she compares
himself/herself with self-enhancement
Self Evaluation
59
on the other hand, occurs when the person
questions which aspects of himself/herself need to be improved to
reach the level of goodness of the person he/she is comparing
himself/herself with self-esteem
Self Enhancement
60
Used to describe a person's overall sense of self-worth or personal
value
Self Esteem
61
The self and person in contemporary anthropology & the self being
embedded in culture
Anthropology
62
autonomous and egocentric
Western self
63
identity shared with others and derived from a culture instead of a
“self”
Non Western Self
64
A human being has an individualistic nature and is an independent
part of the universe and the society
Individualism
65
1. A human being is an integral part of the universe and the society
2. People are fundamentally connected
3. Duty towards all others is a very important matter
Collectivism
66
Buddha discovered why life is filled with suffering and how humanity
can escape from this unhappy existence
Buddhism (Siddhartha Gautama)
67
Hindus believe that an individual’s action (karma) – the bad or good
actions that the individual performed in a previous life determines his
or her caste
Hinduism
68
Relativity of opposites (i.e., yin and yang)
Taoism