THYROID GLAND

71問 • 1ヶ月前

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Thyroid gland is located below the ____and consist of 2 broad lobes connected via____

LARYNX, ISTHMUS

Thyroid gland is consists of secretory parts called___filled with hormone storing colloid known as _____. Each lobe is consists of about ____follicles

FOLLICLE, THYROGLOBULIN, 20-40

T3 and T4 are from what cell

FOLLICULAR CELL

What hormone is secreted in the parafollicular cells

CALCITONIN

Lowers blood levels of calcium and phosphate by inhibiting bone resorption by osteoclasts and by accelerating uptake of calcium and phosphate into bone extracellular matrix

CALCITONIN

Increase basal metabolic rate, stimulate synthesis of proteins, increase use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increase lipolysis, enhance cholesterol secretion, accelerate body growth and contribute to development of the nervous system

TRIIODOTHYRONINE, THYROXINE

Secretion of T3 and T4 is caused by: Stimulated by:

THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE, THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

Steps in Thyroid hormone secretion

IODIDE TRAPPING, SYNTHESIS OF THYROGLOBULIN, OXIDATION OF IODIDE, IODONIZATION OF TYROSINE, COUPLING OF T1 AND T2, PINOCYTOSIS AND DIGESTION OF COLLOID

Refers to Important action of Thyroid hormone which increases body temperature

CALORIGENIC EFFECT

Important nutrient for thyroid hormone secretion

IODINE

Refers to iodine being absorbed in the diet and transported to the follicular cells

IODIDE TRAPPING

Refers to the step which iodide is synthesized in the rough ER allowing Golgi complex to package inside the secretory vesicles to be released into the lumen.

SYNTHESIS OF THYROGLOBULIN

Packaging center of the cell

GOLGI COMPLEX

Where protein is being synthesized inside the cell

ROUGH ER

Refers to the step where iodide is converted to iodine

OXIDATION OF IODIDE

Enzyme responsible for oxidation of iodide

THYROID PEROXIDASE

Refers to the step where iodine will lodge to tyrosine found in the TGB can lodge to T1 and T2

IODINATION OF TYROSINE

Refers to the step where thyroglobulin will fold allowing the coupling.

COUPLING OF T1 AND T2

Triiodothyronine is product result from the coupling of

DIIODOTHYRONINE, MONOIODOTHYRONINE

Thyroxine is product result from the coupling of

DIIODOTHYRONINE

Main carrier protein of thyroid hormones accounting for 70-75%

THYROXINE BINDING PROTEIN

Other carrier protein of thyroid hormone accounting for 10-25%

THYROXINE BINDING PREALBUMIN

Other carrier protein of thyroid hormone accounting for 10% only

THYROXINE BINDING ALBUMIN

Physiologically active thyroid hormone

TRIIODOTHYRONINE

How many percent of free thyroid hormone if T4 99% is bound

0.03%

How many percent of free thyroid hormone if T3 99.7% is bound

0.3%

Process of converting T4 to t3

MONODEIODINATION

Normal value for thyroid hormones T3: T4:

7 UG/DL, 0.24 UG/DL

Biological function of Thyroid hormones

INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE, SYNTHESIS OF NA/K ATPASE , INCREASE BODY TEMPERATURE

Action of Thyroid hormones

NEURAL DEVELOPMENT, SEXUAL MATURATION, INCREASE ADREGERGIC ACTIVITY, PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

Give the clinical condition: T4: Low T3: Low Free T4: Low TSH: High

PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

Give the clinical condition: T4: Low T3: Low Free T4: Low TSH: Low

SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

Give the clinical condition: T4: High T3: High Free T4: High TSH: Low

PRIMARY HYPERTHYROIDISM

Give the clinical condition: T4: High T3: High Free T4: High TSH: High

SECONDARY HYPERTHYROIDISM

Give the clinical condition: T4: Low T3: Low Free T4: Normal TSH:Normal

PRIMARY DECREASED TBG

Give the clinical condition: T4: High T3: High Free T4: Normal TSH: Normal

PRIMARY INCREASED TBG

FACTITIA

Most c'mon cause of hyperthyroidism caused by an autoimmune disorder leading to generalized overactivity of the thyroid gland

GRAVES DISEASE

What gender is c'monly attacked by graves disease

FEMALE

Causes of graves disease

THYROTROPIN RECEPTOR ANTIBODY, THYROID STIMULATING IMMUNOGLOBULIN

S/S of graves disease characterized by inflamed tissues around the eye leading to bulging

GRAVES OPHTALMOPATHY

Rare symptom of Graves disease where patients may develop lumpy reddish thickening of the skin

PRETIBAL MYXEDEMA

Symptoms of graves disease due to elevated level of T3 and T4

GOITER

Thyroid cant produce amount of hormones pituitary calls for normal

PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

Thyroid isn't being stimulated by pituitary to produce hormones

SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

Signs and symptoms of primary hypothyroidism

FATIGUE, WEIGHT GAIN, DECREASED MENTAL AND PHYSICAL OUTPUT, COLD INTOLERANCE

Autoimmune disorder in which the immune system creates antibodies that damage the thyroid gland causing decreased output

HASHIMOTOS DISEASE

Signs and symptoms of hashimotos disease

COLD INTOLERANCE, PUFFY FACE, ENLARGEMENT OF TONGUE, PALE DRY SKIN, CONSTIPATION

Central thyroid disease causing serum decreased T3, T4, and TSH but could also normal.

SECONDARY HYPOTHYROIDISM

Secondary hypothyroidism is caused by

PITUITARY, HYPOTHALAMIC DISEASE

Normal functioning thyroid gland in the presence of an abnormal concetrations of TBG

EUTHYROID

Most useful test for Thyroid gland

THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE

Normal range in most laboratories for TSH

0.5-5 MIU/L

Method of choice for TSH

IMMUNOASSAY

Serum T3 and T4 is measured by

RIA, CHEMILUMINOMETRIC ASSAY, ELISA

What thyroid protein should not be seen in serum for normal person

THYROGLOBULIN

Synthesized and secreted exclusively by thyroid follicular cell which serves as a proof of residual thyroid tissue that could be benign or malignant

THYROGLOBULIN

Ideal tumor marker for thyroid cancer patients

THYROGLOBULIN

Thyroglobulin is measured via

RIA, ELISA

Test to detect antibodies to TSH receptor

THYROID AUTOIMMUNITY

Thyroid stimulating antibodies

THYROID STIMULATING ANTIBODY, THYROID STIMULATING IMMUNOGLOBULIN

TSH receptor antibody

TRAb, TSHR-Ab

Most accurate tool for thyroid nodules

FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION

Other tools for evaluation of the thyroid gland

NUCLEAR MEDICINE, THYROID ULTRASOUND, FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION

Nuclear Evaluation:

NORMAL

Nuclear Evaluation:

GRAVES DISEASE

Nuclear Evaluation:

TOXIC MULTINODULAR GOITER

Nuclear Evaluation:

TOXIC ADENOMA

Promotes Calcium deposition in bones and urinary exceretion lowering plasma calcium level.This opposes the effects of the parathyroid hormone acting primarily to increase the level calcium in the blood.

CALCITONIN

Calcitonin is produced by what cell in the thyroid gland

PARAFOLLICULAR CELL

Production of calcitonin is stimulated by

HYPERCALCEMIA

DEMATIACEOUS OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI

ayrika · 52問 · 2ヶ月前

DEMATIACEOUS OPPORTUNISTIC FUNGI