問題一覧
1
Minerals are ____ substances that are Naturally occurring in the environment
inorganic
2
Minerals are inorganic substances that are _____ in the environment
naturally occuring
3
They have a ___. They are composed of A Atoms Of certaiom Elements that are held together by Chemical bond
specific chemical composition
4
Molecules in a mineral are arranged in a
repeated structure that form a _____^
solid crystal
5
The ___ of a mineral depends on the elemen
which constitute the crystal lattice - the
arrangement of atoms, or groups of atoms, in
specific pattern and with high symmetry. The
reflection of certain wavelengths of light by the crystal lattice results in the color perceived by
the observer.
color
6
is the color of the mineral in its
powdered form.
streak
7
___ is the measure of the resistance
surface to abrasions or scratches.
hardness
8
Hardness is the measure of the resistance of a
surface to abrasions or scratches. It is generally
measured using ____
mohs scale of hardness
9
is the tendency of the mineral to be
split or broken along flat surfaces
cleavage
10
refers to the texture or shape of the
mineral's surface when the mineral breaks into
forms other than flat surfaces
fracture
11
is the relative differences in the opacity and transparency of a mineral as light is reflected on its
surface. This describes the 'sparkles' of the mineral
surfaces
luster
12
Is the ratio of the weight of the
mineral to the weight of the water with an equal
volume.
Phvsical Properties of Minerals
specific gravity
13
refers to the behavior of the mineral
under deformation or stress such as cutting,
crushing, bending, or hitting
tenacity
14
refers to the growth crystal
pattern of a mineral as single or aggregated.
crystal habit
15
refers the ability of a substance to
dissolve in a solvent at a specified
temperature
solubility
16
refers to the temperature at
which solid turns into liquid. Minerals
tomposed of atoms that are tightly bonded
within the crystal structure have high
melting points
melting point
17
has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is
a glassy-looking hard substance with white
streaks. Despite its hardness, with a Mohs
hardness of 7, it is quite brittle. Pure quartz is
clear and transparent. Colored varieties of
quartz are due to elemental impurities built into
its lattice. The grains of quartz, in general, are
irregular in shape
quartz
18
has a chemical composition
of XAl(1-2)Si(3-2)08, where X is K, Ca, or Na. It
is quite hard with a Mohs hardness of 6. It is a
light-colored material, usually white, but they
can have lighter shades of red or green. It has a
glassy luster. In rocks, feldspar forms
rectangular crystals that break along flat faces
feldspar
19
is any group of hydrous potassium
aluminum silicate minerals. The most common
examples are clear muscovite and black biotite
Mica is soft, with Mohs hardness ranging from 2
to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect
cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes. Its
shine is responsible for the flashes of light in
rocks such as granite and slate.
mica
20
minerals have a general composition
of XY(AI,Si)206 where X is CaorMg and Y is
either Mg,Fe,Al. Augite is the most common of
this group. It has a glassy luster with streaks of
white, light green, or light brown. It is generally
black in color and has stubby prismatic crystals.
Its key feature is its two cleavages at around
90°
pyroxene
21
has a dark color with a Mohs
hardness ranging from s to 6, Hornblende is the
most common amphibole, It has a glassy luster
and an opaque characteristic Its crystals are
very long and very thin
Amphibole
22
a silicate mineral with a general
chemical composition of (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, but
calcium, manganese, and nickel can be
substituted for magnesium and iron. It is known
for its distinct olive-green color and commonly
used in the gemstone industry as peridot. It is a
glassy looking and transparent substance that is
almost as hard as quartz. Its crystals have a
granular shape.
Olivine
23
formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material
that originates deep within the earth.
Igneous
24
rocks that
form when magma hardens beneath
Earth's surface.
intrusive
25
Intrusive called process
plutonic
26
The slower the magma cools, the ___ the crystals
larger
27
When lava hardens on the Earth's surface.
extrusive
28
Extrusive process called
volcanic
29
Common visual properties of extrusive
small crystals vesicular texture no crystal at all
30
Texture of intrusive igneous rock
coarse grained
31
Texture of extrusive rock
fine grained
32
Coarse Grained
- ____ cooling results in the
formation of large
crystals
slow
33
Fine Grained
⁃ ____ cooling of magma or
lava results in rocks with
small, interconnected
mineral grains
rapid
34
⁃ ____ texture results from cooling that is so fast that minerals do not have a chance to
crystallize.
glassy
35
- ___ texture (holes pores, or cavities)
are the result of gas bubbles which often
occurs during volcaníc eruptions.
vesicular
36
2 composition of igneous rock
felsic and mafic
37
- a lighter color
- a lower density
- rich in Silicon (Si) and
Aluminum (All
felsic
38
⁃ a darker color
⁃ a higher density
-rich in Iron (Fe) and
Magnesium (Mg)
mafic
39
1. by the deposition of the weathered
remains of other rocks
2. by the deposition of the results of
biologic activity
3. by precipitation from solution
sedimentary
40
- is a
process that squeezes, or
compacts, sediments
compaction
41
• - is a process
in which rocks are
physically and chemically
broken down by water
air, and living things
weathering
42
• - the process of
land being raised to a
higher level
uplift
43
• - when an agent of erosion
- water, wind, ice, or gravity - lose
energy, it drops the sediments
deposition
44
• - "glue" - takes place
when dissolved minerals are deposited
in the tiny spaces among sediments
cementation
45
• - involves weathering and the
removal of rock.
erosion
46
-_composed of
weathered bits of rocks and minerals
clastic sedimentary
47
Forms when dissolved n.
precipitate from water solutions,
(water usually evaporates or boils)
chemical sedimentary
48
Forms when shell fragments are
cemented together or when plant remains are compacted into rock.
organically formed sedimentary
49
To change form
metamorphism
50
- Most changes occur at high
temperatures and pressures a few
km below the Earth's surface
metamorphic
51
What causes metamorphism
heat and pressure
52
Metamorphic
___ hot magma moves intro rock making contact w/ existing rock
contact metamorphism
53
2 types of metamorphism
regional and contact
54
Metamorphic
____ Large amounts of pressure
results in large-scale deformation
and high-grade metamorphism
(these rocks are very dense)
regional
55
2 types of regional metamorphism
Pressure from ___ and ___
squished and plate movements
56
____ Metamorphic Rocks - rock
has a layered or banded appearance.
foliated
57
Notice_the _LIGHT dark
LIGHT dark_layers
banded
58
Crystals_appear
squished_together
mineral alignment
59
___ Metamorphic Rocks ⁃
⁃ Does not have a banded texture.
⁃ Most only contain one mineral.
nonfoliated
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1
Minerals are ____ substances that are Naturally occurring in the environment
inorganic
2
Minerals are inorganic substances that are _____ in the environment
naturally occuring
3
They have a ___. They are composed of A Atoms Of certaiom Elements that are held together by Chemical bond
specific chemical composition
4
Molecules in a mineral are arranged in a
repeated structure that form a _____^
solid crystal
5
The ___ of a mineral depends on the elemen
which constitute the crystal lattice - the
arrangement of atoms, or groups of atoms, in
specific pattern and with high symmetry. The
reflection of certain wavelengths of light by the crystal lattice results in the color perceived by
the observer.
color
6
is the color of the mineral in its
powdered form.
streak
7
___ is the measure of the resistance
surface to abrasions or scratches.
hardness
8
Hardness is the measure of the resistance of a
surface to abrasions or scratches. It is generally
measured using ____
mohs scale of hardness
9
is the tendency of the mineral to be
split or broken along flat surfaces
cleavage
10
refers to the texture or shape of the
mineral's surface when the mineral breaks into
forms other than flat surfaces
fracture
11
is the relative differences in the opacity and transparency of a mineral as light is reflected on its
surface. This describes the 'sparkles' of the mineral
surfaces
luster
12
Is the ratio of the weight of the
mineral to the weight of the water with an equal
volume.
Phvsical Properties of Minerals
specific gravity
13
refers to the behavior of the mineral
under deformation or stress such as cutting,
crushing, bending, or hitting
tenacity
14
refers to the growth crystal
pattern of a mineral as single or aggregated.
crystal habit
15
refers the ability of a substance to
dissolve in a solvent at a specified
temperature
solubility
16
refers to the temperature at
which solid turns into liquid. Minerals
tomposed of atoms that are tightly bonded
within the crystal structure have high
melting points
melting point
17
has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is
a glassy-looking hard substance with white
streaks. Despite its hardness, with a Mohs
hardness of 7, it is quite brittle. Pure quartz is
clear and transparent. Colored varieties of
quartz are due to elemental impurities built into
its lattice. The grains of quartz, in general, are
irregular in shape
quartz
18
has a chemical composition
of XAl(1-2)Si(3-2)08, where X is K, Ca, or Na. It
is quite hard with a Mohs hardness of 6. It is a
light-colored material, usually white, but they
can have lighter shades of red or green. It has a
glassy luster. In rocks, feldspar forms
rectangular crystals that break along flat faces
feldspar
19
is any group of hydrous potassium
aluminum silicate minerals. The most common
examples are clear muscovite and black biotite
Mica is soft, with Mohs hardness ranging from 2
to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect
cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes. Its
shine is responsible for the flashes of light in
rocks such as granite and slate.
mica
20
minerals have a general composition
of XY(AI,Si)206 where X is CaorMg and Y is
either Mg,Fe,Al. Augite is the most common of
this group. It has a glassy luster with streaks of
white, light green, or light brown. It is generally
black in color and has stubby prismatic crystals.
Its key feature is its two cleavages at around
90°
pyroxene
21
has a dark color with a Mohs
hardness ranging from s to 6, Hornblende is the
most common amphibole, It has a glassy luster
and an opaque characteristic Its crystals are
very long and very thin
Amphibole
22
a silicate mineral with a general
chemical composition of (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, but
calcium, manganese, and nickel can be
substituted for magnesium and iron. It is known
for its distinct olive-green color and commonly
used in the gemstone industry as peridot. It is a
glassy looking and transparent substance that is
almost as hard as quartz. Its crystals have a
granular shape.
Olivine
23
formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material
that originates deep within the earth.
Igneous
24
rocks that
form when magma hardens beneath
Earth's surface.
intrusive
25
Intrusive called process
plutonic
26
The slower the magma cools, the ___ the crystals
larger
27
When lava hardens on the Earth's surface.
extrusive
28
Extrusive process called
volcanic
29
Common visual properties of extrusive
small crystals vesicular texture no crystal at all
30
Texture of intrusive igneous rock
coarse grained
31
Texture of extrusive rock
fine grained
32
Coarse Grained
- ____ cooling results in the
formation of large
crystals
slow
33
Fine Grained
⁃ ____ cooling of magma or
lava results in rocks with
small, interconnected
mineral grains
rapid
34
⁃ ____ texture results from cooling that is so fast that minerals do not have a chance to
crystallize.
glassy
35
- ___ texture (holes pores, or cavities)
are the result of gas bubbles which often
occurs during volcaníc eruptions.
vesicular
36
2 composition of igneous rock
felsic and mafic
37
- a lighter color
- a lower density
- rich in Silicon (Si) and
Aluminum (All
felsic
38
⁃ a darker color
⁃ a higher density
-rich in Iron (Fe) and
Magnesium (Mg)
mafic
39
1. by the deposition of the weathered
remains of other rocks
2. by the deposition of the results of
biologic activity
3. by precipitation from solution
sedimentary
40
- is a
process that squeezes, or
compacts, sediments
compaction
41
• - is a process
in which rocks are
physically and chemically
broken down by water
air, and living things
weathering
42
• - the process of
land being raised to a
higher level
uplift
43
• - when an agent of erosion
- water, wind, ice, or gravity - lose
energy, it drops the sediments
deposition
44
• - "glue" - takes place
when dissolved minerals are deposited
in the tiny spaces among sediments
cementation
45
• - involves weathering and the
removal of rock.
erosion
46
-_composed of
weathered bits of rocks and minerals
clastic sedimentary
47
Forms when dissolved n.
precipitate from water solutions,
(water usually evaporates or boils)
chemical sedimentary
48
Forms when shell fragments are
cemented together or when plant remains are compacted into rock.
organically formed sedimentary
49
To change form
metamorphism
50
- Most changes occur at high
temperatures and pressures a few
km below the Earth's surface
metamorphic
51
What causes metamorphism
heat and pressure
52
Metamorphic
___ hot magma moves intro rock making contact w/ existing rock
contact metamorphism
53
2 types of metamorphism
regional and contact
54
Metamorphic
____ Large amounts of pressure
results in large-scale deformation
and high-grade metamorphism
(these rocks are very dense)
regional
55
2 types of regional metamorphism
Pressure from ___ and ___
squished and plate movements
56
____ Metamorphic Rocks - rock
has a layered or banded appearance.
foliated
57
Notice_the _LIGHT dark
LIGHT dark_layers
banded
58
Crystals_appear
squished_together
mineral alignment
59
___ Metamorphic Rocks ⁃
⁃ Does not have a banded texture.
⁃ Most only contain one mineral.
nonfoliated