Minerals are ____ substances that are Naturally occurring in the environment

Minerals are inorganic substances that are _____ in the environment

They have a ___. They are composed of A Atoms Of certaiom Elements that are held together by Chemical bond

Molecules in a mineral are arranged in a repeated structure that form a _____^

The ___ of a mineral depends on the elemen which constitute the crystal lattice - the arrangement of atoms, or groups of atoms, in specific pattern and with high symmetry. The reflection of certain wavelengths of light by the crystal lattice results in the color perceived by the observer.

is the color of the mineral in its powdered form.

___ is the measure of the resistance surface to abrasions or scratches.

Hardness is the measure of the resistance of a surface to abrasions or scratches. It is generally measured using ____

is the tendency of the mineral to be split or broken along flat surfaces

refers to the texture or shape of the mineral's surface when the mineral breaks into forms other than flat surfaces

is the relative differences in the opacity and transparency of a mineral as light is reflected on its surface. This describes the 'sparkles' of the mineral surfaces

Is the ratio of the weight of the mineral to the weight of the water with an equal volume. Phvsical Properties of Minerals

refers to the behavior of the mineral under deformation or stress such as cutting, crushing, bending, or hitting

refers to the growth crystal pattern of a mineral as single or aggregated.

refers the ability of a substance to dissolve in a solvent at a specified temperature

refers to the temperature at which solid turns into liquid. Minerals tomposed of atoms that are tightly bonded within the crystal structure have high melting points

has a chemical composition of SiO2. It is a glassy-looking hard substance with white streaks. Despite its hardness, with a Mohs hardness of 7, it is quite brittle. Pure quartz is clear and transparent. Colored varieties of quartz are due to elemental impurities built into its lattice. The grains of quartz, in general, are irregular in shape

has a chemical composition of XAl(1-2)Si(3-2)08, where X is K, Ca, or Na. It is quite hard with a Mohs hardness of 6. It is a light-colored material, usually white, but they can have lighter shades of red or green. It has a glassy luster. In rocks, feldspar forms rectangular crystals that break along flat faces

is any group of hydrous potassium aluminum silicate minerals. The most common examples are clear muscovite and black biotite Mica is soft, with Mohs hardness ranging from 2 to 2.5. It is easily identified by its perfect cleavage, reducing it to thin smooth flakes. Its shine is responsible for the flashes of light in rocks such as granite and slate.

minerals have a general composition of XY(AI,Si)206 where X is CaorMg and Y is either Mg,Fe,Al. Augite is the most common of this group. It has a glassy luster with streaks of white, light green, or light brown. It is generally black in color and has stubby prismatic crystals. Its key feature is its two cleavages at around 90°

has a dark color with a Mohs hardness ranging from s to 6, Hornblende is the most common amphibole, It has a glassy luster and an opaque characteristic Its crystals are very long and very thin

a silicate mineral with a general chemical composition of (Mg,Fe)2 SiO4, but calcium, manganese, and nickel can be substituted for magnesium and iron. It is known for its distinct olive-green color and commonly used in the gemstone industry as peridot. It is a glassy looking and transparent substance that is almost as hard as quartz. Its crystals have a granular shape.

formed from hardening and crystallization of magma or molten material that originates deep within the earth.

rocks that form when magma hardens beneath Earth's surface.

Intrusive called process

The slower the magma cools, the ___ the crystals

When lava hardens on the Earth's surface.

Extrusive process called

Common visual properties of extrusive

Texture of intrusive igneous rock

Texture of extrusive rock

Coarse Grained - ____ cooling results in the formation of large crystals

Fine Grained ⁃ ____ cooling of magma or lava results in rocks with small, interconnected mineral grains

⁃ ____ texture results from cooling that is so fast that minerals do not have a chance to crystallize.

- ___ texture (holes pores, or cavities) are the result of gas bubbles which often occurs during volcaníc eruptions.

2 composition of igneous rock

- a lighter color - a lower density - rich in Silicon (Si) and Aluminum (All

⁃ a darker color ⁃ a higher density -rich in Iron (Fe) and Magnesium (Mg)

1. by the deposition of the weathered remains of other rocks 2. by the deposition of the results of biologic activity 3. by precipitation from solution

- is a process that squeezes, or compacts, sediments

• - is a process in which rocks are physically and chemically broken down by water air, and living things

• - the process of land being raised to a higher level

• - when an agent of erosion - water, wind, ice, or gravity - lose energy, it drops the sediments

• - "glue" - takes place when dissolved minerals are deposited in the tiny spaces among sediments

• - involves weathering and the removal of rock.

-_composed of weathered bits of rocks and minerals

Forms when dissolved n. precipitate from water solutions, (water usually evaporates or boils)

Forms when shell fragments are cemented together or when plant remains are compacted into rock.

To change form

- Most changes occur at high temperatures and pressures a few km below the Earth's surface

What causes metamorphism

Metamorphic ___ hot magma moves intro rock making contact w/ existing rock

2 types of metamorphism

Metamorphic ____ Large amounts of pressure results in large-scale deformation and high-grade metamorphism (these rocks are very dense)

2 types of regional metamorphism Pressure from ___ and ___

____ Metamorphic Rocks - rock has a layered or banded appearance.

Notice_the _LIGHT dark LIGHT dark_layers

Crystals_appear squished_together

___ Metamorphic Rocks ⁃ ⁃ Does not have a banded texture. ⁃ Most only contain one mineral.