RENEW2024_3

100問 • 1年前

chia-chun Fang

通報

問題一覧

FAA does not issue certificate to

Cabin crew

How do you access the GMM? (CKS Maintenance Site)

"Through the company intranet (http://cksweb01/m3)"

"What is the proper type of documents to use for FAR 145 in CAL?"

"Repair Station Manual & Quality Control Manual"

"Inspection related stnadards in Part 145 Repair Station should follow"

QCM (Quality Control Manual)

Is the FAA inspector allowed to inspect CAL at any time?

A certificated repair station must allow the FAA to inspect that repair station at any time to determine compliance with FAR-145.

Items fabricated by CAL-EMO may

Only be used by it in the course of overhaul, maintenance, modifications, or repair of aircraft or components undergoing work within its own facility.

"Non US-registered operator enter US territory or operating US-registered(N-registered) aircraft is operating based on FAR-?"

Part 129

"Regulation on Cerfification for airman other than flight crew member is in FAR-?"

14 CFR Part 65

Sample of FAA Form 8130-3 can be found in which manual.

FRM (Form Manual)

The holder of a repair station certificate may perform

all of above

"Tool/Equipment Calibration related standards in Part 145 Repair Station should follow"

QCM (Quality Control Manual)

Under the Federal Aviation Regulations, an aviation maintenance technician is required to perform maintenance on an aircraft so that it

is at least equal to its original or properly altered condition.

"Under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, what is the maximum penalty for falsification, alteration, or fraudulent reproduction of certificates, logbooks, reports, and records?"

Suspension or revocation of any certificate held.

"What is the means by which the FAA notifies aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and prescribes the condition under which the product may continue to be operated?"

Airworthiness Directives.

What part of the Federal Aviation Regulations prescribes the requirements for issuing mechanic certificates and associated ratings and the general operating rules for the holders of these certificates and ratings?

Part 65.

"What part of the Federal Aviation Regulations prescribes the requirements for maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration?"

Part 43.

"What publication will define Major Alteration and Major Repairs in FAR?"

FAR 43 Appendix A

When certifying staff signed a FAA 8130-3 Form to approve a component is overhauled, it means this component is using methods, techniques, and practices acceptable to the Administrator, it has been disassembled, cleaned, inspected, repaired as necessary,

It has been tested in accordance with approved standards and technical data, or in accordance with current standards and technical data acceptable to FAA

"When performing maintenance tasks on US registered aircraft (such as FedEX)，EMO should operate under which operation specification?"

FAR-145 Approval

When Suspected Unapproved Parts are detected, you should

Complete Internal Notification of Unapproved Parts (Form QR322F1) and send to M2

Where can you find FAA approved CAL rating？

Operation Specification and Capability List

"Where can you get the RII (Required Inspection Item) terms during you maintain customers' ""N"" registered aircraft?"

customers' GMM

"Which Civil Aviation Regulation required RSM (Repair Station Manual) for a Certificated Repair Station?"

FAR-145

Which document below is not FAA approved data?

AMM

"Which form will be issued for component of return to service after maintenance in accordance with FAR Part-145?"

Form 8130-3

Which of following is NOT issued by aiviation authority?

SB(Service Bulletin)

"Which of the following document is not issued by aviation authority？"

SB (Service Bulletin)

Which option is not FAA Mechanic Certificate Rating

Avionics

民用航空器在我國境內失事，是由何單位負調查責任？

國家運輸安全調查委員會

航空器飛航時，以下何者是不需攜帶的文書？

航空器上次完成Check的工單

"每次飛航前填記各項維護檢查情形、缺點及故障改正措施、缺點延遲改正紀錄、各種維護勤務及其他維護事項，並由誰來簽證，機長接受後始得飛航？"

領有合格證書之負責維修工程師

"航空器適航之簽證人員，應持有有效之何種證書，並依航空器維護能力手冊之權限，確實執行各項維護及簽放作業？"

維修工程師檢定證書

新制維修工程師執照種類分為哪幾種？

A/B1/B2/B3/C執照

"航空器維護人員執勤時間於連續七日內，應給予連續多少小時之休息？但擔任緊急任務者不在此限。"

24小時

"航空器各項維護工作，應依據原製造廠之相關技術手冊、文件或由誰核准程序執行？"

民航局

下列何者不是民航法定義之航空人員？

空服員

民航法中航空產品指的是：

機體、發動機和螺旋槳

"民航法中之航空器維護紀錄，應保存至航空器或零組件報廢或永久停用後幾年？"

二年

"民航法中日常維護工作及日常維護簽放紀錄應以不褪色墨汁填寫並應保存幾年以上？"

一年

"因航空器使用人發現航空器、發動機、螺旋槳或航空器各項裝備及其零組件有系統缺失、功能失效、缺陷或其他事件，而可能或已經造成航空器無法符合持續適航標準者，應於發現後幾小時內依規定通報民航局，並通報航空器原製造廠。必要時，應通報航空器設計國民航主管機關？"

七十二小時

"於型別設計、持續適航文件或維護手冊中規範依年限狀態強制更換之零件稱之為："

年限管制件

完成大修理或大改裝工作，應由授權簽證人員填具以下何種表格？

航空器大修理、大改裝妥適報告表(337表)

"航空器應每幾年接受基本作業重量平衡之稱重一次，但因特殊情形報經民航局核准者，得酌予延展稱重期間，最長不超過四年？"

三年

航空人員檢定證自發證之日起有效期間為幾年？

五年

"何種檢定證的權限是『得為航空器使用人或維修廠執行停機線例行維修工作與簡易缺點改正，並僅得對其本身所執行之工作項目辦理維護簽證』？"

A類檢定證

"何種檢定證的權限是『得於維修廠完成航空器維護後，執行航空器恢復可用簽證』？"

C類檢定證

"下列何者指『以航空器直接載運客、貨、郵件，取得報酬之事業』？"

民用航空運輸業

"依據06-02A第五條：維修廠申請檢定時，除應檢附維修廠手冊和品質管制手冊以外，還需交付哪一本手冊予民航局審查？"

安全管理手冊

如果發現執行工作與原廠技術文件有所偏異的情況下該如何處理？

必須依據原廠系統手冊或核可的文件

工作人員應正確紀錄量測數據與結果，並確認符合相關規範；如量測數據未符合規範的情況下該如何處理？

授權人員應確認缺點已依據相關技術文件進行改正或管控後，才得以進行工作單簽證

如因維修造成航機不適航，將違反06-01A第六條及第十九條規定，依據民用航空法第一百十一條規定，會有何種處罰？

處新臺幣六萬元以上三十萬元以下罰鍰或停止執業一個月至三個月；情節重大者，廢止其檢定證

"民用航空法第二十三條之二第三項、民航局應派員檢查維修廠各項人員、設備，並督導其業務，受檢者應如何配合？檢查結果發現有缺失者，應通知其限期改善。"

不得規避、妨礙或拒絕

"民用航空法第二十五條第一項、航空人員經學、術科檢定合格，由民航局發給檢定證後，方得執行業務，並應於執業時遵守何種規定？"

隨身攜帶

"民用航空法第一百零一條第一項、以強暴、脅迫或其他方法危害飛航安全或其設施者，其罰則為何？"

"處七年以下有期徒刑、拘役或新臺幣九十萬元以下罰金"

"民用航空法第一百十一條第一項第二款、違反依第二十三條之二第二項所定規則有關維修廠手冊、維護紀錄、簽證或工作人員資格之規定，其罰則為何？"

處新臺幣六萬元以上三十萬元以下罰鍰或停止執業一個月至三個月

"08-01A第三條：航空器所有人或使用人於航空器發生符合強制性報告之飛安相關事件時，應於得知消息後二十四小時內填具甚麼資料送交通部民用航空局？"

飛安相關事件初報表

"依據民航通告AC 120-012A，以下哪個不是保養困難報告通報資訊來源？"

日常維護及檢查事項

"In GMM 2.1 Introduction to General Maintenance Manual, what is the three levels of the structure of quality document in CAL-EMO from high to low？"

Manual-Quality Procedure-Operation Procedures Manual

"In GMM 3.2 Safety Event and Service Difficulty Reports, when the SDR situation occurs, the production department or contracted agency shall immediately inform what department and the duty manager of that department is responsible for forwarding the information to M2 and ME？"

Maintenance Operation Center (MOC) of MM

In GMM 3.2 Safety Event and Service Difficulty Reports, mandatory reporting items related to flight safety and listed in Attachment 1 of CAR 08-01A shall be sent to CAA via Corporate Safety Division within how many hours？

24 hours

"In GMM 5.4 Tool Inspection and Calibration, who is responsible for checking the attached calibration tag (sticker) and verifying that the precision tools, measuring devices, and test equipment that are going to be used are serviceable and the inspection/calibration due date has not been exceeded？"

The user of tools

In GMM 5.5 Acquisition, Control and Maintenance of Tools and Equipment, what department shall be responsible for the control and maintenance of the tools and equipment stored in H2 and H3 tool crib？

In GMM 6.2 Requirements for Maintenance Personnel, what means a certification by the competent person performing or supervising the work, that the task or group of tasks has been correctly performed？

Sign-off

"In GMM 6.2 Requirements for Maintenance Personnel, what is issued in respect of any Overhaul/Repair/Inspection/Alteration performed on an engine, or component？"

Authorized Release Certificate (ARC)

"In GMM 6.2 Requirements for Maintenance Personnel, what shall be issued by appropriate authorized certifying staff when it has been verified that the maintenance has been properly carried out in accordance with the CAL procedures taking into account the availability and use of the required maintenance data, and that any outstanding defects and non-compliances have been properly recorded？"

Maintenance Release Certificate (MRC)

"In GMM 6.2 Requirements for Maintenance Personnel, what is required to be issued in respect of any Overhaul/Repair/Replacement/Alteration and Mandatory Inspection of an aircraft. And it is issued before flight, after the required MRCs and BMRCs？"

Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)

In GMM 6.2 Requirements for Maintenance Personnel, what supplementary authorization may issue a MRC (CAA Form 337) after major modification/alteration or major repair on the categories he/she is authorized？

I authorization

In GMM 7.1 Control of Document, who shall ensure, before use, that only the current documents that are valid for the intended purpose are used？

The users

"In GMM 8.1 Maintenance Program, what is the official document describing all scheduled maintenance to be performed on the airplane, its installed engines and components？"

The Aircraft Maintenance Program

"In GMM 8.3 Supplementary Maintenance – AD, SB & EO, when maintenance of aircraft, EON is used for what purpose？"

Information only

In GMM 8.4 Certificate of Airworthiness, what is the valid period of an aircraft‘s Certificate of Airworthiness？

One year

In GMM 8.4 Certificate of Airworthiness, who shall confirm that the valid airworthiness certificate has being placed on the aircraft before releasing the aircraft return to service？

Certifying Staff

In GMM 8.5 Major Repair and Major Alteration, who shall classify major/minor repair in case of defect found during routine maintenance？

Mechanic and Inspector

"In GMM 8.5 Major Repair and Major Alteration, in case of major repair / alteration / modification on aircraft, one copy of CAA Form 337 shall be submitted to CAA via FSMIS within how many hours after the aircraft is approved for return to service？"

48 hours

In GMM 8.6 Required Inspection Items, which of the following items can be the decision making criteria when assess the maintenance task can be listed as Required Inspection Items (RII)？

The work is being performed on the Aircraft

In GMM 8.6 Required Inspection Items, who shall be responsible for the confirmation of the completion of all RII tasks before the aircraft is released to service？

The authorized certifying staff

"In GMM 9.1 Aircraft Maintenance, when issue the Certificate of Airworthiness, all items of equipment must be operative unless an item of equipment, which has been discovered inoperative, is authorized to be deferred under what document？"

MEL

In GMM 9.1 Aircraft Maintenance, what certificate shall be applied when the flight performance, characteristic, or function has been changed and a flight test shall be performed？

Special Airworthiness Certificate

"In GMM 9.1 Aircraft Maintenance, when discrepancy was found by the inspection of Routine Maintenance Checks, the technician who discovered the discrepancy would be issued on what Log Book？"

Ground Log Book

"In GMM 9.1 Aircraft Maintenance, flight crew or ground maintenance persons shall enter in-flight discrepancies and ground finding at each flight termination on what Log Book？All open maintenance log discrepancies must be cleared with appropriate action taken entry before next flight."

Technical Log Book

In GMM 9.2 Maintenance of Aircraft Component, the removed aircraft components are to be identified as what component using the label provided？

Unserviceable component

"In GMM 9.2 Maintenance of Aircraft Component, the authorized person must stamp with his/her chop or sign-off what on the working papers when he/she has correctly carried out the work and then enter the data into computer system “TTFNS”？"

Signature/ID-No and date

"In GMM 9.3 Certificate of Release to Service for Aircraft and Aircraft Component after Maintenance, should a correction be necessary for a paper work, what shall be drawn through the error？ And the individual should initial and enter his employee number and rewrite the correct data."

A single line

"In GMM 9.6 Deferring Rectification of Discrepancies and Monitoring, what document identifies, by ATA chapter and category type (A, B, C, D or N/A), those systems or components that may be inoperative and not adversely affect the airworthiness of the aircraft？"

Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

"In GMM 9.6 Deferring Rectification of Discrepancies and Monitoring, what document identifies all secondary airframe and engine components that may be missing from the aircraft for continued in service operation with their associated limitations？"

Configuration Deviation List (CDL)

"In GMM 13.1 Handling and Investigation of Incident, Accident and Special Events, who must immediately report irregularities to their respective department general managers？"

All employees

What does the PBN stand for?

Performance-based Navigation

"Airspace concepts are developed to satisfy explicit strategic objectives such as"

"safety, capacity, efficiency, access and the environment"

What is the main elements of the airspace ?

Communication, Navigation and Surveillance.

In China Airlines ,what types are approved for PBN operation ?

ALL

For RNP designations, the expression “X” refers to

"the lateral navigation accuracy in nautical miles"

The key difference between RNAV and RNP systems is

RNP is the requirement for on-board performance monitoring and alerting

"At certain circumstance the aircraft is not qualified for RNAV X/RNP X operation according to"

MEL

The operations use conventional navigation are

based on direct signals from ground-based radio NAVAIDs

What does the RNP stand for?

Required navigation performance

What system need performance monitoring and alerting system?

RNP

"Aircraft are navigating based on direct Signals from ground-based radio NAVAIDs. It is"

Conventional IFP

What is NOT the PBN benefits?

comfortable

"For any situation which causes an aircraft to be noncompliance with RNAV 2"

aircraft CAN NOT be dispatched for RNAV 2

100

What is the RVSM ?

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum

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問題一覧

FAA does not issue certificate to

Cabin crew

How do you access the GMM? (CKS Maintenance Site)

"Through the company intranet (http://cksweb01/m3)"

"What is the proper type of documents to use for FAR 145 in CAL?"

"Repair Station Manual & Quality Control Manual"

"Inspection related stnadards in Part 145 Repair Station should follow"

QCM (Quality Control Manual)

Is the FAA inspector allowed to inspect CAL at any time?

A certificated repair station must allow the FAA to inspect that repair station at any time to determine compliance with FAR-145.

Items fabricated by CAL-EMO may

Only be used by it in the course of overhaul, maintenance, modifications, or repair of aircraft or components undergoing work within its own facility.

"Non US-registered operator enter US territory or operating US-registered(N-registered) aircraft is operating based on FAR-?"

Part 129

"Regulation on Cerfification for airman other than flight crew member is in FAR-?"

14 CFR Part 65

Sample of FAA Form 8130-3 can be found in which manual.

FRM (Form Manual)

The holder of a repair station certificate may perform

all of above

"Tool/Equipment Calibration related standards in Part 145 Repair Station should follow"

QCM (Quality Control Manual)

Under the Federal Aviation Regulations, an aviation maintenance technician is required to perform maintenance on an aircraft so that it

is at least equal to its original or properly altered condition.

"Under Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations, what is the maximum penalty for falsification, alteration, or fraudulent reproduction of certificates, logbooks, reports, and records?"

Suspension or revocation of any certificate held.

"What is the means by which the FAA notifies aircraft owners and other interested persons of unsafe conditions and prescribes the condition under which the product may continue to be operated?"

Airworthiness Directives.

Part 65.

"What part of the Federal Aviation Regulations prescribes the requirements for maintenance, preventive maintenance, and alteration?"

Part 43.

"What publication will define Major Alteration and Major Repairs in FAR?"

FAR 43 Appendix A

It has been tested in accordance with approved standards and technical data, or in accordance with current standards and technical data acceptable to FAA

"When performing maintenance tasks on US registered aircraft (such as FedEX)，EMO should operate under which operation specification?"

FAR-145 Approval

When Suspected Unapproved Parts are detected, you should

Complete Internal Notification of Unapproved Parts (Form QR322F1) and send to M2

Where can you find FAA approved CAL rating？

Operation Specification and Capability List

"Where can you get the RII (Required Inspection Item) terms during you maintain customers' ""N"" registered aircraft?"

customers' GMM

"Which Civil Aviation Regulation required RSM (Repair Station Manual) for a Certificated Repair Station?"

FAR-145

Which document below is not FAA approved data?

AMM

"Which form will be issued for component of return to service after maintenance in accordance with FAR Part-145?"

Form 8130-3

Which of following is NOT issued by aiviation authority?

SB(Service Bulletin)

"Which of the following document is not issued by aviation authority？"

SB (Service Bulletin)

Which option is not FAA Mechanic Certificate Rating

Avionics

民用航空器在我國境內失事，是由何單位負調查責任？

國家運輸安全調查委員會

航空器飛航時，以下何者是不需攜帶的文書？

航空器上次完成Check的工單

"每次飛航前填記各項維護檢查情形、缺點及故障改正措施、缺點延遲改正紀錄、各種維護勤務及其他維護事項，並由誰來簽證，機長接受後始得飛航？"

領有合格證書之負責維修工程師

"航空器適航之簽證人員，應持有有效之何種證書，並依航空器維護能力手冊之權限，確實執行各項維護及簽放作業？"

維修工程師檢定證書

新制維修工程師執照種類分為哪幾種？

A/B1/B2/B3/C執照

"航空器維護人員執勤時間於連續七日內，應給予連續多少小時之休息？但擔任緊急任務者不在此限。"

24小時

"航空器各項維護工作，應依據原製造廠之相關技術手冊、文件或由誰核准程序執行？"

民航局

下列何者不是民航法定義之航空人員？

空服員

民航法中航空產品指的是：

機體、發動機和螺旋槳

"民航法中之航空器維護紀錄，應保存至航空器或零組件報廢或永久停用後幾年？"

二年

"民航法中日常維護工作及日常維護簽放紀錄應以不褪色墨汁填寫並應保存幾年以上？"

一年

七十二小時

"於型別設計、持續適航文件或維護手冊中規範依年限狀態強制更換之零件稱之為："

年限管制件

完成大修理或大改裝工作，應由授權簽證人員填具以下何種表格？

航空器大修理、大改裝妥適報告表(337表)

"航空器應每幾年接受基本作業重量平衡之稱重一次，但因特殊情形報經民航局核准者，得酌予延展稱重期間，最長不超過四年？"

三年

航空人員檢定證自發證之日起有效期間為幾年？

五年

"何種檢定證的權限是『得為航空器使用人或維修廠執行停機線例行維修工作與簡易缺點改正，並僅得對其本身所執行之工作項目辦理維護簽證』？"

A類檢定證

"何種檢定證的權限是『得於維修廠完成航空器維護後，執行航空器恢復可用簽證』？"

C類檢定證

"下列何者指『以航空器直接載運客、貨、郵件，取得報酬之事業』？"

民用航空運輸業

"依據06-02A第五條：維修廠申請檢定時，除應檢附維修廠手冊和品質管制手冊以外，還需交付哪一本手冊予民航局審查？"

安全管理手冊

如果發現執行工作與原廠技術文件有所偏異的情況下該如何處理？

必須依據原廠系統手冊或核可的文件

工作人員應正確紀錄量測數據與結果，並確認符合相關規範；如量測數據未符合規範的情況下該如何處理？

授權人員應確認缺點已依據相關技術文件進行改正或管控後，才得以進行工作單簽證

如因維修造成航機不適航，將違反06-01A第六條及第十九條規定，依據民用航空法第一百十一條規定，會有何種處罰？

處新臺幣六萬元以上三十萬元以下罰鍰或停止執業一個月至三個月；情節重大者，廢止其檢定證

不得規避、妨礙或拒絕

"民用航空法第二十五條第一項、航空人員經學、術科檢定合格，由民航局發給檢定證後，方得執行業務，並應於執業時遵守何種規定？"

隨身攜帶

"民用航空法第一百零一條第一項、以強暴、脅迫或其他方法危害飛航安全或其設施者，其罰則為何？"

"處七年以下有期徒刑、拘役或新臺幣九十萬元以下罰金"

處新臺幣六萬元以上三十萬元以下罰鍰或停止執業一個月至三個月

飛安相關事件初報表

"依據民航通告AC 120-012A，以下哪個不是保養困難報告通報資訊來源？"

日常維護及檢查事項

"In GMM 2.1 Introduction to General Maintenance Manual, what is the three levels of the structure of quality document in CAL-EMO from high to low？"

Manual-Quality Procedure-Operation Procedures Manual

Maintenance Operation Center (MOC) of MM

24 hours

The user of tools

Sign-off

"In GMM 6.2 Requirements for Maintenance Personnel, what is issued in respect of any Overhaul/Repair/Inspection/Alteration performed on an engine, or component？"

Authorized Release Certificate (ARC)

Maintenance Release Certificate (MRC)

Certificate of Release to Service (CRS)

I authorization

In GMM 7.1 Control of Document, who shall ensure, before use, that only the current documents that are valid for the intended purpose are used？

The users

"In GMM 8.1 Maintenance Program, what is the official document describing all scheduled maintenance to be performed on the airplane, its installed engines and components？"

The Aircraft Maintenance Program

"In GMM 8.3 Supplementary Maintenance – AD, SB & EO, when maintenance of aircraft, EON is used for what purpose？"

Information only

In GMM 8.4 Certificate of Airworthiness, what is the valid period of an aircraft‘s Certificate of Airworthiness？

One year

In GMM 8.4 Certificate of Airworthiness, who shall confirm that the valid airworthiness certificate has being placed on the aircraft before releasing the aircraft return to service？

Certifying Staff

In GMM 8.5 Major Repair and Major Alteration, who shall classify major/minor repair in case of defect found during routine maintenance？

Mechanic and Inspector

48 hours

In GMM 8.6 Required Inspection Items, which of the following items can be the decision making criteria when assess the maintenance task can be listed as Required Inspection Items (RII)？

The work is being performed on the Aircraft

In GMM 8.6 Required Inspection Items, who shall be responsible for the confirmation of the completion of all RII tasks before the aircraft is released to service？

The authorized certifying staff

MEL

In GMM 9.1 Aircraft Maintenance, what certificate shall be applied when the flight performance, characteristic, or function has been changed and a flight test shall be performed？

Special Airworthiness Certificate

"In GMM 9.1 Aircraft Maintenance, when discrepancy was found by the inspection of Routine Maintenance Checks, the technician who discovered the discrepancy would be issued on what Log Book？"

Ground Log Book

Technical Log Book

In GMM 9.2 Maintenance of Aircraft Component, the removed aircraft components are to be identified as what component using the label provided？

Unserviceable component

Signature/ID-No and date

A single line

Minimum Equipment List (MEL)

Configuration Deviation List (CDL)

"In GMM 13.1 Handling and Investigation of Incident, Accident and Special Events, who must immediately report irregularities to their respective department general managers？"

All employees

What does the PBN stand for?

Performance-based Navigation

"Airspace concepts are developed to satisfy explicit strategic objectives such as"

"safety, capacity, efficiency, access and the environment"

What is the main elements of the airspace ?

Communication, Navigation and Surveillance.

In China Airlines ,what types are approved for PBN operation ?

ALL

For RNP designations, the expression “X” refers to

"the lateral navigation accuracy in nautical miles"

The key difference between RNAV and RNP systems is

RNP is the requirement for on-board performance monitoring and alerting

"At certain circumstance the aircraft is not qualified for RNAV X/RNP X operation according to"

MEL

The operations use conventional navigation are

based on direct signals from ground-based radio NAVAIDs

What does the RNP stand for?

Required navigation performance

What system need performance monitoring and alerting system?

RNP

"Aircraft are navigating based on direct Signals from ground-based radio NAVAIDs. It is"

Conventional IFP

What is NOT the PBN benefits?

comfortable

"For any situation which causes an aircraft to be noncompliance with RNAV 2"

aircraft CAN NOT be dispatched for RNAV 2

100

What is the RVSM ?

Reduced Vertical Separation Minimum