Radiation Biology (1)

100問 • 5ヶ月前

polyyamyap

通報

問題一覧

The response is directly proportionate to the dose.

Linear Dose Response Relationship

Lower dose: Lower response Higher dose: Higher response

Linear Dose Response Relationship

The response is not directly proportional to the dose.

Nonlinear Dose Response Relationship

Variable responses from variable doses

Nonlinear Dose Response Relationship

Lower Dose: Variable Response Higher Dose: Variable Response

Nonlinear Dose Response Relationship

The level below which there is no response

Threshold Dose Response Relationship

Any dose regardless of its size, is expected to produce a response

Nonthreshold Dose Response Relationship

Intersects the dose axis greater than zero

Threshold Dose Response Relationship

Intersects the dose axis at zero or below

Nonthreshold Dose Response Relationship

Statement 1. Response does not increase directly with dose in nonlinear dose response relationship Statement 2. A straight line graph is created in nonlinear dose response relationship.

Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false

Cancer risk from x-rays

Linear DRR

Skin burns or radiation sickness

Nonlinear DRR

A certain minimum dose is needed before any effect appears

Threshold DRR

Skin erythema, cataracts, radiation burns

Threshold DRR

Cancer, genetic mutations

Nonthreshold DRR

No safe dose, any exposure can cause and effect

Nonthreshold DRR

Multihit chromosome aberration

Nonlinear-Nonthreshold

Graph shape: Straight line from 0

Linear-Nonthreshold

Graph shape: Straight line after threshold

Linear-Threshold

Graph shape: Curve, starts after threshold

Nonlinear-Threshold

Graph shape: Curve from 0

Nonlinear-Nonthreshold

Most effect on cells because of recovery and repair metabolic processes

No response

May result in stochastic effect at the human level

Cellular transformation

May result in deterministic effect at the human level

Cell death

1-10 Gyt

Reproductive death

few cGyt

Apoptosis

0.01 Gyt

Mitotic delay

1000 Gyt

Instant death

Which of the following are effects of radiation on cells: a. chromosome breakage b. mitotic or genetic death c. interference with function

all of the above

breakage of the backbone of the long chain macromolecules

main chain scission

statement 1. size decreases in main chain scission statement 2. viscosity increases in main chain scission

statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false

side spurs attachment to another neighboring macromolecules

cross linking

statement 1. viscosity increases in cross linking statement 2. viscosity decreases in main chain scission

both statements are true

molecular lesions of dna

point lesions

there is a change or loss of base and is not detectable

point lesion

which among the following are the results of cross-linking: a. minor modification of the molecule b. malfunction within the cell c. abnormal gene

none of the above

can be produced by free radical

point lesions

DNA is synthesized similarly from proteins

True

The deoxyribose, phosphate, and base molecules accumulate in the nucleus. These molecules combine to form a single large molecule.

The single large molecule is attached to an existing single chain of DNA

During this portion, molecular DNA is in the familiar double-helix form

As the cell moves into this phase, the ladder begins to open up in the middle of each rung, much like a zipper

These are detected if radiation damage to the DNA is severe enough

visible chromosome abberation

The DNA molecule can be damaged without the production of a visible chromosome aberration.

True

Damage to the DNA also can result in ___.

abnormal metabolic activity

The principal characteristic of radiation-induced malignant disease

uncontrolled rapid cell proliferation

If a damage to the DNA occurs within a ____ then it is possible that the response to radiation exposure will not be observed until th following generation or even later

germ cell

Cell death, malignant disease, and genetic effects are result from ____.

irradiation of DNA

The change or loss of a base, also destroys the ____ and may not be reversible

triplet code

One critical consequence of ____ is the transfer of the incorrect genetic code

d. both a and b

which of the following are the visible chromosome aberrations: a. dicentric formation b. terminal deletion c. ring formation

all of the above

an area on the cell occupied by the target molecule or by a sensitive site on the target molecule

target

for a cell to die after radiation exposure, its target molecule must be inactivated

target theory

this is the dissociation of water into other molecular products as a result of irradiation

radiolysis

the principal interaction in indirect effect

radiolysis

which are the final result of radiolysis of water: a. Ion pair (H+ and OH-) b. Ion pair (H- and HO+) c.Two free radicals (H* and HO*) d. Two free radicals (H* and OH*)

a and d only

This is the principal damaging product of radiolysis of water.

d. both a and b

poisonous to the cell and therefore acts a a toxic agent

all of the above

Formed by combination of two OH*

H2O2

Formed by combination of H* and O2

d. both a and c

may produce H202

hydroperoxyl radical

occurs when ionizing radiation directly interacts with a critical target molecule, such as DNA, and causes damage

direct effect

radiation hits the dna molecule directly, ionizing it or breaking chemical bonds

direct effect

this leads to mutations, stand breaks, or even cell death

direct effect

what is the target molcule of direct effect?

all of the above

which of the following is NOT the characteristics of a direct effect: 1. more common with low-LET radiation 2. more dependent on water 3. damage is directly due to radiation energy being absorbed by the target

1 and 2 only

occurs when radiation interacts with water molecules first, producing free radicals, which then damage critical cellular targets like dna

indirect effect

the following is how indirect effect happens, EXCEPT: a. radiation ionizes water and forms ion pairs and free radicals b. the free radicals are not highly reactive c. the free radicals causes primary damage to the dna and secondary molecules

b and c only

list how the indirect effects hits its target: 1. free radicals 2. water 3. dna 4. rna

2, 1, 3

the following are the characteristics of an indirect effect, EXCEPT: a. more common with low-LET radiation b. major mechanism of cell damage in humans is -70 to 80% of damage c. depends on radiolysis of water

none of the above

this is more common especially in humans

indirect effect

when ___ is present, as in living tissue, the ____ are amplified because of the additional types of free radicals that are formed

oxygen; indirect effect

an ionization that inactivates the target

hit

occurs when radiation interacts with the target molecule (inactivate)

hit

occurs through both direct and indirect effect

hit

low probability of hit

low let, direct effect, absence of oxygen

relatively large distances between ionizing event

low let, direct effect, absence of oxygen

high probability of hit and formation of free radicals

low let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

formation of free radical and an enlarged volume of effectiveness surrounding each ionization

low let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

high probability of hit and close distance between ionization event

high let, direct effect, absence of oxygen

no additional hits

high let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

the maximum number of hits has been produced by direct effect with high let radiation

high let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

when the number of raindrops is equal to the numbe of squares, 63% of the square will be wet, and 37% of the squares will be dry

poisson distribution law

if the raindrops had fallen uniformly, all squares would become wet with raindrops

poisson distribution law

when a given square was hit by two or more raindrops

wasted hit

when the radiation dose reacges a level suffiecient to kill 63% of the cells and 37% survival

D37

a measure of the radiosensitivity of the cell

D37

low D37

highly radiosensitive

high D37

highly radioresistant

if there were uniform irradiation, this would be sufficient to kill 100% of the cells

D37

a measure of the capacity to accumulate sublethal damage

the ability to recover from sublethal damage

the cell can recover readily from radiation damage

large DQ

threshold dose

mean lethal dose

a constant related ro rhe radiosensitivity of the cell

radioresistant cell

large D0

cell survival is nearly 100%

very low rad dose

fewer cells survive

high rad dose

100

which among the following are the models of cell survival: a. single target, single hit model b. multi target, multi hit model c. single target, multi hit model d. multi target, single hit model

a and d

Imaging Equipment and Managment (1)

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100問 • 5ヶ月前

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Imaging Equipment and Management (2)

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Imaging Equiment and Maintenance (3)

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SET 1

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SET 1

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SET 2

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SET 2

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SET 3

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SET 3

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CRDR

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Practice Test 1

polyyamyap · 50問 · 3ヶ月前

Practice Test 1

50問 • 3ヶ月前

polyyamyap

問題一覧

The response is directly proportionate to the dose.

Linear Dose Response Relationship

Lower dose: Lower response Higher dose: Higher response

Linear Dose Response Relationship

The response is not directly proportional to the dose.

Nonlinear Dose Response Relationship

Variable responses from variable doses

Nonlinear Dose Response Relationship

Lower Dose: Variable Response Higher Dose: Variable Response

Nonlinear Dose Response Relationship

The level below which there is no response

Threshold Dose Response Relationship

Any dose regardless of its size, is expected to produce a response

Nonthreshold Dose Response Relationship

Intersects the dose axis greater than zero

Threshold Dose Response Relationship

Intersects the dose axis at zero or below

Nonthreshold Dose Response Relationship

Statement 1. Response does not increase directly with dose in nonlinear dose response relationship Statement 2. A straight line graph is created in nonlinear dose response relationship.

Statement 1 is true and Statement 2 is false

Cancer risk from x-rays

Linear DRR

Skin burns or radiation sickness

Nonlinear DRR

A certain minimum dose is needed before any effect appears

Threshold DRR

Skin erythema, cataracts, radiation burns

Threshold DRR

Cancer, genetic mutations

Nonthreshold DRR

No safe dose, any exposure can cause and effect

Nonthreshold DRR

Multihit chromosome aberration

Nonlinear-Nonthreshold

Graph shape: Straight line from 0

Linear-Nonthreshold

Graph shape: Straight line after threshold

Linear-Threshold

Graph shape: Curve, starts after threshold

Nonlinear-Threshold

Graph shape: Curve from 0

Nonlinear-Nonthreshold

Most effect on cells because of recovery and repair metabolic processes

No response

May result in stochastic effect at the human level

Cellular transformation

May result in deterministic effect at the human level

Cell death

1-10 Gyt

Reproductive death

few cGyt

Apoptosis

0.01 Gyt

Mitotic delay

1000 Gyt

Instant death

Which of the following are effects of radiation on cells: a. chromosome breakage b. mitotic or genetic death c. interference with function

all of the above

breakage of the backbone of the long chain macromolecules

main chain scission

statement 1. size decreases in main chain scission statement 2. viscosity increases in main chain scission

statement 1 is true and statement 2 is false

side spurs attachment to another neighboring macromolecules

cross linking

statement 1. viscosity increases in cross linking statement 2. viscosity decreases in main chain scission

both statements are true

molecular lesions of dna

point lesions

there is a change or loss of base and is not detectable

point lesion

which among the following are the results of cross-linking: a. minor modification of the molecule b. malfunction within the cell c. abnormal gene

none of the above

can be produced by free radical

point lesions

DNA is synthesized similarly from proteins

True

The deoxyribose, phosphate, and base molecules accumulate in the nucleus. These molecules combine to form a single large molecule.

The single large molecule is attached to an existing single chain of DNA

During this portion, molecular DNA is in the familiar double-helix form

As the cell moves into this phase, the ladder begins to open up in the middle of each rung, much like a zipper

These are detected if radiation damage to the DNA is severe enough

visible chromosome abberation

The DNA molecule can be damaged without the production of a visible chromosome aberration.

True

Damage to the DNA also can result in ___.

abnormal metabolic activity

The principal characteristic of radiation-induced malignant disease

uncontrolled rapid cell proliferation

If a damage to the DNA occurs within a ____ then it is possible that the response to radiation exposure will not be observed until th following generation or even later

germ cell

Cell death, malignant disease, and genetic effects are result from ____.

irradiation of DNA

The change or loss of a base, also destroys the ____ and may not be reversible

triplet code

One critical consequence of ____ is the transfer of the incorrect genetic code

d. both a and b

which of the following are the visible chromosome aberrations: a. dicentric formation b. terminal deletion c. ring formation

all of the above

an area on the cell occupied by the target molecule or by a sensitive site on the target molecule

target

for a cell to die after radiation exposure, its target molecule must be inactivated

target theory

this is the dissociation of water into other molecular products as a result of irradiation

radiolysis

the principal interaction in indirect effect

radiolysis

which are the final result of radiolysis of water: a. Ion pair (H+ and OH-) b. Ion pair (H- and HO+) c.Two free radicals (H* and HO*) d. Two free radicals (H* and OH*)

a and d only

This is the principal damaging product of radiolysis of water.

d. both a and b

poisonous to the cell and therefore acts a a toxic agent

all of the above

Formed by combination of two OH*

H2O2

Formed by combination of H* and O2

d. both a and c

may produce H202

hydroperoxyl radical

occurs when ionizing radiation directly interacts with a critical target molecule, such as DNA, and causes damage

direct effect

radiation hits the dna molecule directly, ionizing it or breaking chemical bonds

direct effect

this leads to mutations, stand breaks, or even cell death

direct effect

what is the target molcule of direct effect?

all of the above

1 and 2 only

occurs when radiation interacts with water molecules first, producing free radicals, which then damage critical cellular targets like dna

indirect effect

b and c only

list how the indirect effects hits its target: 1. free radicals 2. water 3. dna 4. rna

2, 1, 3

none of the above

this is more common especially in humans

indirect effect

when ___ is present, as in living tissue, the ____ are amplified because of the additional types of free radicals that are formed

oxygen; indirect effect

an ionization that inactivates the target

hit

occurs when radiation interacts with the target molecule (inactivate)

hit

occurs through both direct and indirect effect

hit

low probability of hit

low let, direct effect, absence of oxygen

relatively large distances between ionizing event

low let, direct effect, absence of oxygen

high probability of hit and formation of free radicals

low let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

formation of free radical and an enlarged volume of effectiveness surrounding each ionization

low let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

high probability of hit and close distance between ionization event

high let, direct effect, absence of oxygen

no additional hits

high let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

the maximum number of hits has been produced by direct effect with high let radiation

high let, indirect effect, presence of oxygen

when the number of raindrops is equal to the numbe of squares, 63% of the square will be wet, and 37% of the squares will be dry

poisson distribution law

if the raindrops had fallen uniformly, all squares would become wet with raindrops

poisson distribution law

when a given square was hit by two or more raindrops

wasted hit

when the radiation dose reacges a level suffiecient to kill 63% of the cells and 37% survival

D37

a measure of the radiosensitivity of the cell

D37

low D37

highly radiosensitive

high D37

highly radioresistant

if there were uniform irradiation, this would be sufficient to kill 100% of the cells

D37

a measure of the capacity to accumulate sublethal damage

the ability to recover from sublethal damage

the cell can recover readily from radiation damage

large DQ

threshold dose

mean lethal dose

a constant related ro rhe radiosensitivity of the cell

radioresistant cell

large D0

cell survival is nearly 100%

very low rad dose

fewer cells survive

high rad dose

100

which among the following are the models of cell survival: a. single target, single hit model b. multi target, multi hit model c. single target, multi hit model d. multi target, single hit model

a and d