When the Spanish Crown arrived, they monopolized Manila ports, closing them to all but ______, gaining exclusive control over the trade route and goods.

Mexico

Manila-Acapulco Trade is also known as

Galleon Trade

Center of Commerce in the East

Manila

What year did the Philippines open to world commerce?

1834

, the Galleon system faced tough competition as other nations opted for self- sufficiency and direct trade, leading to a decline in Spain's trading system and Asian goods demand.

late 18th century

Spain was heavily dependent on the ______ of its colonies in South America, which slowly dwindled.

silver mines

They helped with land acquisition, labor mobilization, crop transportation, and retail trade.

Chinese, Mestizos, Rich Natives

served as middlemen between the provinces, where the crops were planted, and the merchant houses of the Mestizos in Manila.

Chinese Immigrants

They became tenants, known as Inquilinos' in Spanish.

Rich Natives

Spanish term of rich natives

Inquilinos

oversee the production of cash crops by subleasing large estates or haciendas from friars and then subletting them to indigenous farmers.

Inquilinos

it shortened travel between Europe and the Philippines, enabling more intensive crop production and boosting commercial enterprises.

Suez Canal

fueled rapid Philippine economic growth in the 19th century, creating a rich and influential Filipino middle class.

Industrial Revolution

A group of educated natives seeking reforms to achieve equality with proud Spaniards.

Ilustrados

It was a significant attempt by the Spanish Colonial Government to address the lack of formal education among Filipinos.

Educational Decree of 1863

Year when the proportion of literate people in the Philippines was higher than in Spain. The proportion of Filipino children attending school was also above average in European standards. 3

1866

year when Ateneo, run by Jesuits, became a secondary school with an advanced curriculum, resembling today's college more than high school.

1865

Force Labor

Polo y Servicio

Reopening of Suez Canal

June 5, 1975