presented the analysis of bending of elastic beams

all the members of a structure as well as the applied loads lie in a single plane

perhaps the most crucial phase of the entire project and requires experience and knowledge of construction practices in addition to a thorough understanding of the behavior of structures

If a structure is supported by fewer than three support reactions

unstable due to improper arrangement of supports

forces and couples exerted on a member or portion of the structure by the rest of the structure

engineers began applying the knowledge of mechanics in designing structures Mechanics → mathematics and science

sizes of the various members of the structural system selected in the planning phase are estimated based on approximate analysis, past experience, and code requirements

formulated the theorem of least work

originator of the theory of structures

values of the loads are used to carry out an analysis of the structure in order to determine the stresses or stress resultants in the members and the deflections at various points of the structure

2 types of external Forces

used to join members of structures

developed the theory of buckling of columns

3 types of Supports

prevents only relative translations of member ends connected to it

can prevent translation but permit rotation

Performance Characteristics/ Design Considerations

developed the slope-deflection method slope-deflection method → precursor of the matrix stiffness method

all member ends connected to a rigid joint have the same translation and rotation

➢ used in multistory buildings to reduce lateral movements due to wind loads and earthquake excitations ➢ example is reinforced concrete shear walls

prevents relative translations and rotations of the member ends connected to it

used to attach structures to the ground or other bodies

can prevent translation in only one direction

representation of analytical model of a body selected for analysis

published a treatise on elastic behavior of structures in 1826

supported by more than three reactions

presented a principle for constructing influence lines

➢ composed of straight members connected at their ends by hinged connections to form a stable configuration ➢ loaded only at the joints ➢ members either elongate or shorten ➢ support roofs of buildings

presented the method of consistent deformations and the law of reciprocal deflections

the science and art of planning, designing, and constructing safe and economical structures that will serve their intended purposes

exerted by supports on the structure

➢ subjected to pure tension under the action of external loads ➢ composed of flexible steel cables, vertical rods used as hangers, membrane structures such as tents ➢ support bridges and long-span roofs

restrict movements under the action of applied loads

formulated the laws of motion and developed calculus

formulated the principle of virtual work

developed the moment-area method

the prediction of the performance of a given structure under prescribed loads and/or other external effects, such as support movements and temperature changes

involves determination of all loads that can be expected to act on the structure

results of the analysis are used to determine whether or not the structure satisfies the ________________ requirements of the design code

revolutionized structural analysis

usually referred to as loads

actions of other bodies on the structure under consideration

involves the establishment of the functional requirements of the proposed structure, the general layout and dimensions of the structure, consideration of the possible types of structures that may be feasible and the types of materials to be used

➢ develop mainly bending stresses under the action of external loads ➢ commonly used are beams, rigid frames, slabs, and plates beam

developed the conjugate-beam method for calculation of deflections and ________ circles of stress and strain

developed the moment-distribution method in 1924

what are the 3 stresses or stress resultant

➢ develop mainly compressive stresses under the action of external loads ➢ columns and arches columns – straight members subjected to axially compressive loads beam – column → when subjected also to lateral loads and/or moments arch – a curved structure, with a shape similar to that of an inverted cable ➢ susceptible to buckling or instability → adequate bracing must be provided

integral part of any structural engineering project

if the code requirements are not satisfied, then the member sizes are revised, and phases 3 through 5 are repeated until all the safety and serviceability requirements are satisfied

a structure that can’t maintain its shape and may undergo displacements under small disturbances when not supported externally

three-dimensional structures can be subdivided into plane structures for analysis

do not allow any movement

all member ends connected to a hinged joint have the same translation but may have different rotations

➢ prediction of the performance of the proposed structure

a structure that maintains its shape and remains a rigid body when detached from the supports

supported by exactly three reactions

formulated the three-moment equation for the analysis of continuous beams

developed the law of linear relationships between the force and deformation of materials.