ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

100問 • 4ヶ月前

問題一覧

The largest part of the forebrain is the ______, which contains more than 80% of all neurons in the central nervous system.

cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres: The ____ hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes.

left

Cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres: The ____ hemisphere seems to be better at perceiving the world around us and creating images.

right

_____ lobe is associated with recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage

temporal

_____ lobe is associated with recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning.

parietal

____ lobe is associated with integrating and making sense of various visual inputs

occipital

_____ lobe is the most interesting from the point of view of psychopathology.

frontal

____ nervous system coordinates with the brainstem to make sure the body is working properly.

peripheral

_____nervous system - controls the muscles, so damage in this area might make it difficult for us to engage in any voluntary movement, including talking.

somatic

____ nervous system - includes the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

autonomic

Adrenal glands produces _____ (adrenaline), in response to stress, as well as salt-regulating hormones

epinephrine

the thyroid gland produces ______, which facilitates energy metabolism and growth

thyroxine

the pituitary is a master gland that produces a variety of ______

regulatory hormones

the gonadal glands produce sex hormones such as _______ and _______

estrogen and testosterone

substances called ______ that effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects.

agonists

Substances called _____ that decrease, or block, a neurotransmitter.

antagonists

Substances called _________ that produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter.

inverse agonists

After a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly drawn back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron. This process is called ______

reuptake

is an excitatory transmitter that “turns on” many different neurons, leading to action.

glutamate

______ which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Thus, the job of GABA is to inhibit (or regulate) the transmission of information and action potentials.

gamma aminobutyric acid

_____ is believed to influence a great deal of our behavior, particularly the way we process information.

serotonin

_____ seems to stimulate at least two groups (and probably several more) of receptors called alpha-adrenergic and beta- adrenergic receptors.

norepinephrine

_____ is used for patients with hypertension.

beta blockers

______ is a major neurotransmitter that is in the monoamine class and that is also termed a catecholamine because of the similarity of its chemical structure to epinephrine and norepinephrine.

dopamine

____ are usually short-lived, temporary states lasting from several minutes to several hours, occurring in response to an external event.

emotions

_____ is a more persistent period of affect or emotionality. The term affect can also be used more generally to summarize commonalities among emotional states characteristic of an individual.

mood

_______ is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder.

clinical assessment

_____ is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set in DSM.

diagnosis

____is the degree to which a measurement is consistent.

reliability

____ is whether something measures what it is designed to measure.

validity

_____is the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements.

standardization

The core of most clinical work, is used by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals.

clinical interview

involves the systematic observation of an individual’s behavior. This type of observation occurs when any one person interacts with another.

mental status exam

a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future.

anxiety

an immediate alarm reaction to danger.

fear

is a sudden overwhelming reaction.

panic

is defined as an abrupt experience of intense fear or acute discomfort, accompanied by physical symptoms that usually include heart palpitations, chest pain, shortness of breath, and, possibly, dizziness.

panic attack

when you already know that you are afraid of something, and you already knew that you are having panic attacks on certain situations.

expected

if you don’t have a clue when or where the next attack will occur

unexpected

activated by signals from the brain stem of unexpected events, such as major changes in body functioning that might signal danger.

behavioral inhibition system

This circuit originates in the brain stem and travels through several midbrain structures, including the amygdala, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the central gray matter.

fight/flight system

in which individuals experience severe, unexpected panic attacks; they may think they’re dying or otherwise losing control.

panic disorder

panic attacks occur more often between 1:30 a.m. and 3:30 a.m. than any other time.

nocturnal panic

an interruption of breathing during sleep that may feel like suffocation.

sleep apnea

occurs during the transitional state between sleep and waking, when a person is either falling asleep or waking up, but mostly when waking up. During this period, the individual is unable to move and experiences a surge of terror that resembles a panic attack; occasionally, there are also vivid hallucinations.

isolated sleep paralysis

concentrates on exposing patients with panic disorder to the cluster of interoceptive (physical) sensations that remind them of their panic attacks. The therapist attempts to create “mini” panic attacks in the office by having the patients exercise to elevate their heart rates.

panic control treatment

This is probably because people with this phobia inherit a strong vasovagal response to blood, injury, or the possibility of an injection, all of which cause a drop in blood pressure and a tendency to faint

blood injection injury phobia

Phobias characterized by fear of public transportation or enclosed places.

situational phobia

Sometimes very young people develop fears of situations or events occurring in nature. Many of these situations have some danger associated with them and, therefore, mild to moderate fear can be adaptive.

natural environment phobia

Fears of animals and insects. Again, these fears are common but become phobic only if severe interference with functioning occurs.

animal phobia

Situations that may lead to choking or vomiting. In children, loud sounds or costumed characters

others

Excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures

separation anxiety disorder

is a rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech in one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected.

selective mutism

are made up of questions that have been carefully phrased and tested to elicit useful information in a consistent manner so that clinicians can be sure they have inquired about the most important aspects of particular disorders.

semi structured clinical interview

Many problems presenting as disorders of behavior, cognition, or mood may, on careful physical examination, have a clear relationship to a temporary toxic state.

physical examination

takes this process one step further by using direct observation to assess formally an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts.

behavioral assessment

People can also observe their own behavior to find patterns, a technique known as

self monitoring

Psychological tests include specific tools to determine cognitive, emotional, or behavioral responses that might be associated with a specific disorder and more general tools that assess long standing personality features, such as a tendency to be suspicious.

psychological test

They include a variety of methods in which ambiguous stimuli, such as pictures of people or things, are presented to people who are asked to describe what they see. • Rorschach Inkblot • Thematic Apperception Test

projective testing

Measure abilities in areas such as receptive and expressive language, attention and concentration, memory, motor skills, perceptual abilities, and learning and abstraction in such a way that the clinician can make educated guesses about the person’s performance and the possible existence of brain impairment.

neuropsychological testing

this is the area responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, as well as long-term memory.

prefrontal cortex

It is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

abnormal behavior

refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

psychological dysfunction

If people suffer or experience psychological pain, we are inclined to consider this as indicative of abnormality.

subjective distress

is often an indicator of abnormality. This behavior interferes with our well-being and with our ability to enjoy our work and our relationships

maladaptiveness

The word abnormal literally means?

away from normal

simply considering statistically rare behavior to be abnormal does not provide us with a solution to our problem of defining abnormality. Ex. Intellectual Disability is statistically rare and represents a deviation from normal. However, there are somethings that are undesirable but statistically common.

statistical deviancy

When someone fails to follow rules, we may consider their behavior abnormal.

violation of the standards of society

when someone violates an implicit or unwritten social rule, those around him or her may experience a sense of discomfort or unease.

social discomfort

We expect people to behave in certain ways. However, a little unusual behavior sometimes we consider it as abnormal behavior

irrationally and unpredictability

When you think that someone might be a danger you or you will be a danger to someone, might possibly be considered as psychologically abnormal BUT we cannot assume all person with mental health problems are dangerous.

dangerousness

Its basic tenets included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction.

moral therapy

Moral therapy as a system originated with the well-known french psychiatrist named ____ and his close associate ____

philippe pinel and jean baptiste pussin

often considered the founder of U.S. psychiatry, introduced moral therapy in his early work at Pennsylvania Hospital.

benjamin rush

Her best-known work is the mental hygiene movement.

dorothea dix

attempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause.

one dimensional model

the biology and behavior of the individual, as well as the cognitive, emotional, social, and cultural environment, because any one component of the system inevitably affects the other components. This is a ____

multidimensional model

include causal factors from the fields of genetics and neuroscience.

biological dimension

This dimension include causal factors from behavioral and cognitive processes, including learned helplessness, social learning, prepared learning, and even unconscious processes

psychological dimension

This dimension involves Sociocultural factors

social dimensions

is one of a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait, and we need only one of them to determine.

dominant gene

must be paired with another gene to determine a trait.

recessive gene

individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress.

the diathesis stress model

Some evidence now indicates that genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life events.

gene environment correlation model

is the lower and more ancient part of the brain. Found in most animals, this structure handles most of the essential automatic functions, such as breathing, sleeping, and moving around in a coordinated way.

brain stem

Part of brain. more advanced and evolved more recently.

forebrain

Part of brain contains the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum. The ____ regulates many automatic activities, such as breathing, the pumping action of the heart (heartbeat), and digestion.

hindbrain

Part of brain controls motor coordination,

cerebellum

Part of brain coordinates movement with sensory input and contains parts of the reticular activating system, which contributes to processes of arousal and tension, such as whether we are awake or asleep.

midbrain

Part of brain _____ and ____ are involved broadly with regulating behavior and emotion. These structures function primarily as a relay between the forebrain and the remaining lower areas of the brain stem.

thalamus and hypothalamus

Part of brain This system helps regulate our emotional experiences and expressions and, to some extent, our ability to learn and to control our impulses. It is also involved with the basic drives of sex, aggression, hunger, and thirst.

limbic system

Part of brain also at the base of the forebrain, include the caudate (tailed) nucleus. Because damage to these structures may make us change our posture or twitch or shake, they are believed to control motor activity.

basal ganglia

is the scientific study of psychological disorders.

psychopathology

how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?

prevalence

Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year.

incidence

most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern, example when a disorder is a chronic course, meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.

course

beginning of the said disorder.

onset

The anticipated course of a disorder

prognosis

the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

etiology

100

For much of our recorded history, deviant behavior has been considered a reflection of the battle between

good and evil

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問題一覧

The largest part of the forebrain is the ______, which contains more than 80% of all neurons in the central nervous system.

cerebral cortex

Cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres: The ____ hemisphere seems to be chiefly responsible for verbal and other cognitive processes.

left

Cerebral cortex is divided into two hemispheres: The ____ hemisphere seems to be better at perceiving the world around us and creating images.

right

_____ lobe is associated with recognizing various sights and sounds and with long-term memory storage

temporal

_____ lobe is associated with recognizing various sensations of touch and monitoring body positioning.

parietal

____ lobe is associated with integrating and making sense of various visual inputs

occipital

_____ lobe is the most interesting from the point of view of psychopathology.

frontal

____ nervous system coordinates with the brainstem to make sure the body is working properly.

peripheral

_____nervous system - controls the muscles, so damage in this area might make it difficult for us to engage in any voluntary movement, including talking.

somatic

____ nervous system - includes the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system.

autonomic

Adrenal glands produces _____ (adrenaline), in response to stress, as well as salt-regulating hormones

epinephrine

the thyroid gland produces ______, which facilitates energy metabolism and growth

thyroxine

the pituitary is a master gland that produces a variety of ______

regulatory hormones

the gonadal glands produce sex hormones such as _______ and _______

estrogen and testosterone

substances called ______ that effectively increase the activity of a neurotransmitter by mimicking its effects.

agonists

Substances called _____ that decrease, or block, a neurotransmitter.

antagonists

Substances called _________ that produce effects opposite to those produced by the neurotransmitter.

inverse agonists

After a neurotransmitter is released, it is quickly drawn back from the synaptic cleft into the same neuron. This process is called ______

reuptake

is an excitatory transmitter that “turns on” many different neurons, leading to action.

glutamate

______ which is an inhibitory neurotransmitter. Thus, the job of GABA is to inhibit (or regulate) the transmission of information and action potentials.

gamma aminobutyric acid

_____ is believed to influence a great deal of our behavior, particularly the way we process information.

serotonin

_____ seems to stimulate at least two groups (and probably several more) of receptors called alpha-adrenergic and beta- adrenergic receptors.

norepinephrine

_____ is used for patients with hypertension.

beta blockers

______ is a major neurotransmitter that is in the monoamine class and that is also termed a catecholamine because of the similarity of its chemical structure to epinephrine and norepinephrine.

dopamine

____ are usually short-lived, temporary states lasting from several minutes to several hours, occurring in response to an external event.

emotions

_____ is a more persistent period of affect or emotionality. The term affect can also be used more generally to summarize commonalities among emotional states characteristic of an individual.

mood

_______ is the systematic evaluation and measurement of psychological, biological, and social factors in an individual presenting with a possible psychological disorder.

clinical assessment

_____ is the process of determining whether the particular problem afflicting the individual meets all criteria for a psychological disorder, as set in DSM.

diagnosis

____is the degree to which a measurement is consistent.

reliability

____ is whether something measures what it is designed to measure.

validity

_____is the process by which a certain set of standards or norms is determined for a technique to make its use consistent across different measurements.

standardization

The core of most clinical work, is used by psychologists, psychiatrists, and other mental health professionals.

clinical interview

involves the systematic observation of an individual’s behavior. This type of observation occurs when any one person interacts with another.

mental status exam

a negative mood state characterized by bodily symptoms of physical tension and by apprehension about the future.

anxiety

an immediate alarm reaction to danger.

fear

is a sudden overwhelming reaction.

panic

panic attack

when you already know that you are afraid of something, and you already knew that you are having panic attacks on certain situations.

expected

if you don’t have a clue when or where the next attack will occur

unexpected

activated by signals from the brain stem of unexpected events, such as major changes in body functioning that might signal danger.

behavioral inhibition system

This circuit originates in the brain stem and travels through several midbrain structures, including the amygdala, the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus, and the central gray matter.

fight/flight system

in which individuals experience severe, unexpected panic attacks; they may think they’re dying or otherwise losing control.

panic disorder

panic attacks occur more often between 1:30 a.m. and 3:30 a.m. than any other time.

nocturnal panic

an interruption of breathing during sleep that may feel like suffocation.

sleep apnea

isolated sleep paralysis

panic control treatment

blood injection injury phobia

Phobias characterized by fear of public transportation or enclosed places.

situational phobia

natural environment phobia

Fears of animals and insects. Again, these fears are common but become phobic only if severe interference with functioning occurs.

animal phobia

Situations that may lead to choking or vomiting. In children, loud sounds or costumed characters

others

Excessive fear or anxiety concerning separation from home or attachment figures

separation anxiety disorder

is a rare childhood disorder characterized by a lack of speech in one or more settings in which speaking is socially expected.

selective mutism

semi structured clinical interview

Many problems presenting as disorders of behavior, cognition, or mood may, on careful physical examination, have a clear relationship to a temporary toxic state.

physical examination

takes this process one step further by using direct observation to assess formally an individual’s thoughts, feelings, and behavior in specific situations or contexts.

behavioral assessment

People can also observe their own behavior to find patterns, a technique known as

self monitoring

psychological test

projective testing

neuropsychological testing

this is the area responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking and reasoning, planning for the future, as well as long-term memory.

prefrontal cortex

It is a psychological dysfunction within an individual that is associated with distress or impairment in functioning and a response that is not typical or culturally expected

abnormal behavior

refers to a breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning

psychological dysfunction

If people suffer or experience psychological pain, we are inclined to consider this as indicative of abnormality.

subjective distress

is often an indicator of abnormality. This behavior interferes with our well-being and with our ability to enjoy our work and our relationships

maladaptiveness

The word abnormal literally means?

away from normal

statistical deviancy

When someone fails to follow rules, we may consider their behavior abnormal.

violation of the standards of society

when someone violates an implicit or unwritten social rule, those around him or her may experience a sense of discomfort or unease.

social discomfort

We expect people to behave in certain ways. However, a little unusual behavior sometimes we consider it as abnormal behavior

irrationally and unpredictability

dangerousness

Its basic tenets included treating institutionalized patients as normally as possible in a setting that encouraged and reinforced normal social interaction.

moral therapy

Moral therapy as a system originated with the well-known french psychiatrist named ____ and his close associate ____

philippe pinel and jean baptiste pussin

often considered the founder of U.S. psychiatry, introduced moral therapy in his early work at Pennsylvania Hospital.

benjamin rush

Her best-known work is the mental hygiene movement.

dorothea dix

attempts to trace the origins of behavior to a single cause.

one dimensional model

multidimensional model

include causal factors from the fields of genetics and neuroscience.

biological dimension

This dimension include causal factors from behavioral and cognitive processes, including learned helplessness, social learning, prepared learning, and even unconscious processes

psychological dimension

This dimension involves Sociocultural factors

social dimensions

is one of a pair of genes that strongly influences a particular trait, and we need only one of them to determine.

dominant gene

must be paired with another gene to determine a trait.

recessive gene

individuals inherit tendencies to express certain traits or behaviors, which may then be activated under conditions of stress.

the diathesis stress model

Some evidence now indicates that genetic endowment may increase the probability that an individual will experience stressful life events.

gene environment correlation model

brain stem

Part of brain. more advanced and evolved more recently.

forebrain

Part of brain contains the medulla, the pons, and the cerebellum. The ____ regulates many automatic activities, such as breathing, the pumping action of the heart (heartbeat), and digestion.

hindbrain

Part of brain controls motor coordination,

cerebellum

midbrain

thalamus and hypothalamus

limbic system

basal ganglia

is the scientific study of psychological disorders.

psychopathology

how many people in the population as a whole have the disorder?

prevalence

Statistics on how many new cases occur during a given period, such as a year.

incidence

most disorders follow a somewhat individual pattern, example when a disorder is a chronic course, meaning that they tend to last a long time, sometimes a lifetime.

course

beginning of the said disorder.

onset

The anticipated course of a disorder

prognosis

the study of origins, has to do with why a disorder begins (what causes it) and includes biological, psychological, and social dimensions.

etiology

100

For much of our recorded history, deviant behavior has been considered a reflection of the battle between

good and evil