TCC
問題一覧
1
In 1969, Philip G. Zimbardo, a psychologist from Stanford University, ran an
interesting field study. He abandoned two cars in two very different places: one in a
mostly poor, crime-ridden section of New York City, and the other in a fairly affluent
neighborhood of Palo Alto, California.
broken windows theory
2
German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919). in 1878,
was the first to give the name 'ecology io the study of interrelations and
interdependence of species and by doing so gave them the character of
distinct and separate science
human ecology theory
3
examines the location of specific crime and the content in which it
occurred in order to explain and understand crime patterns through mapping crimes.
environmental criminology
4
Physical and perceptual boundaries between different parts of a city: Examples:
Boundaries of neighborhoods, changes in land use, socio-economic boundaries,
entertainment districts.
edges
5
The routes between nodes. It is also the locations of many offenses.
paths
6
Associated with the thinking of Patricia L. Brantingham and Paul J. Brantingham, and their
1984 book, 'Pattens in Crime the idea that the physical environmental influences criminal
behavior.
crime pattern theory
7
is a theory in Freudian psychoanalytic theory that proposes
that very young girls feel deprived and envious that they do not have a penis.
According to him, women were simply men without penises.
penis envy
8
suggests
that class influences delinquency and criminality by
controlling the quality of family life. In egalitarian families, in
which the husband and the wife share similar positions of
power at home and in the workplace-daughters gain a kind of
freedom that reflects reduced parental control.
power control theory
9
also known as Marxist feminists; this theory
holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and
women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men, the cause of
female criminality originates with the onset of male supremacy and the
efforts of males 'b control female sexuality. Women are a 'commodity"
like land or money.
critical feminist theory
10
the
inherent qualities of a child and his environment interact to influence
how he will grow and develop.
ecological systems theory
11
A place that an individual is regularly drawn to example: Home, work, school,
job, etc. For offenders, nodes tend to be the site of many of their offenses.
nodes
12
developed a new term in
criminology that emphasizes women's involvement in professional
criminality.
criminologist kathleen daly
13
Meda Chesney-Lind and Kathleen Daly (1986): Women and
Crime: The Female Offender (1986). Marginality (low salary:
inadequate job; lower class position; family victimization) of a
woman penetrates criminality in contemporary societies.
marginalization theory
14
was created by Rita J. Simon (1931-2013) in her work,
"Women and Society." this theory argued that the involvement of criminal activities is
increased when women have different opportunities.
opportunity theory
15
The book published by the prominent female criminologist
Freda Adler entitled Sister in Crime: The Rise of a New Female
Criminal (1975) has helped to develop the masculinity theory.
adler's theory of masculinity
16
This theory by Otto Pollak (1950) in his book, The Criminality of Women" who argues
that in a patriarchal society, women are treated more leniently than men because women
are believed to be born biologically inferior and in need of protection from men (Franklin
and Fearne, 2008; Koons-Wit, 2002).
chivalry or paternalism theory
17
is direct, involving the use or threat of force and
intimidation from parents, peers, and law enforcement officer.
interpersonal coercion
18
Mark Colvin (1952-2017) in his work, "Crime and Coercion," identifies master
trait that may guide behavioral choices, in which he calls 'coercion." Perceptions of
coercion can begin in early life when children experience punitive form of discipline
including both physical attacks and psychological coercion including negative
commands. Critical remarks such as teasing, humiliation, whining, yelling, and
threats.
differential coercion theory
19
modified and redefined some of
the principles articulated in Hirschi's social control theory by
integrating the concepts of control with those biosocial,
psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories.
general theory of crime
20
represents
a potential to commit crime and deviance (Siegel, 2004).
control imbalance
21
is carried out by women whose office jobs can be
characterized as being set on a low to medium level, or more simply
speaking, at a position as accountants, managers, officers, etc. which
embezzlement from their employers.
pink collar crime
22
is a complete opposite of life course theory (as
mentioned in the previous lesson) because in life course theory it
explains that people change over the life course while latent trait
theory claims that people do not change, criminal opportunities
change; maturity brings fewer opportunities, early social control like
proper parenting can reduce criminal propensity.
latent trait theory
23
Criminality, according to this view, cannot be attributed to a single cause, nor
does it represent a single underlying tendency because people are influenced by
different factors as they mature.
life course theory
24
Joseph G. Weis, Richard F. Catalano, J. David Hawkins
(2001), and their associates focus on the different factors
affecting child's social development over the life course.
social development model
25
expands the
concept of personal control as predisposing element for
criminality.
control balance theory
26
involves pressures beyond individual control, such as
economic and social pressure caused by unemployment, poverty, or competition
among businesses or other groups (Siegel, 2004).
impersonal coercion
27
is defined as a visceral feeling of oneness with the group that is
associated with increased permeability of the boundary between the personal and
social self.
identity fusion
28
it is also known as desistance or
spontaneous remission. The tendency for youths to reduce
the frequency of their offending behavior as they aged and
is thought to ocCur among all groups of offenders (Siegel,
2007).
aging out process
29
Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub in their work
(1993), "Crime in the Making" identify the turning points
in a criminal career. They find out that the stability of
delinquent behavior can be affected by the events that
occur in later life, even after a chronic delinquent career
has been undertaken.
aged graded theory
30
He agrees that the onset
can be traced to a deterioration of the social bond during
adolescence, marked by weakened attachment to parents,
commitment to school, and belief in conventional values.
interactional theory
31
Sociologist Richard Quinney (1970) embraced a conflict model of
crime who integrated his beliefs about power, society, and criminality
into a theory he referred to as the social reality of crime.
social reality of crime
32
assumes that the ideal society is one in which there is equality
of opportunity and a general consensus to accept differences in rewards as
the outcomes of fair competition.
liberalism
33
assume that the ideal society is one in which
authority is unquestioned. The hierarchy of wisdom and virtue is accepted by all as
based on recognizing natural inequalities.Conservative ideologies assume that the ideal society is one in which
authority is unquestioned. The hierarchy of wisdom and virtue is accepted by all as
based on recognizing natural inequalities.
conservative ideologies
34
occurs when the offended party experiences a loss
of some quality relative to his or her present standing.
crime of reduction
35
occurs when members of a group are prevented
from achieving their fullest potential because of racism, sexism, or some
other status bias.
crime of repression
36
views crime as the outcome of class struggle. The
classes that are struggling here are the upper, middle and lower class
(have-nots).
conflict theory
37
views crime as a function of the capitalist mode of
production. Within this system economic competitiveness is the essence of social
life and controls the form and function of social institutions.
the marxist criminology
38
Gregg Barak and Stuart Henry's (1996)
institutive-constitutive theory defines crime as the
application of harm to others.
institutive constitutive theory
39
focuses on the critical analysis of
communication and language in legal codes. It believes that
language is value laden and can promote the same sort of
inequities that are present in the rest of the social structure.
postmodern theory
40
is most connected to the writings of British scholars
John Lea and Jock Young (1942-2013) in their 1984 work, "What Is to be Done
about Law and Order?" by taking a more "realistic approach, saying that street
criminals’ prey on the poor, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the
capitalist system and then by the members of their own class.
left realism theory
41
was the one who adapted the conflict theory in
criminology. He argued that crime can also be explained by social
conflict.
george vold
42
argues that modern society is organized
into what he called imperatively coordinated associations.
ralf dahrendorf
43
everyone may
desire wealth, but it is only the most privileged people, with
the most capital, who can enjoy luxuries and advantages.
And that people care only for their own lives and pleasures
and ignore the plight of the disadvantage.
willem a. bonger
CDI
CDI
Jerome Estacio · 53問 · 2年前CDI
CDI
53問 • 2年前LEA2
LEA2
Jerome Estacio · 99問 · 2年前LEA2
LEA2
99問 • 2年前Forensic
Forensic
Jerome Estacio · 33問 · 2年前Forensic
Forensic
33問 • 2年前forensic finals
forensic finals
Jerome Estacio · 31問 · 2年前forensic finals
forensic finals
31問 • 2年前LEA1
LEA1
Jerome Estacio · 50問 · 2年前LEA1
LEA1
50問 • 2年前問題一覧
1
In 1969, Philip G. Zimbardo, a psychologist from Stanford University, ran an
interesting field study. He abandoned two cars in two very different places: one in a
mostly poor, crime-ridden section of New York City, and the other in a fairly affluent
neighborhood of Palo Alto, California.
broken windows theory
2
German biologist and philosopher Ernst Haeckel (1834-1919). in 1878,
was the first to give the name 'ecology io the study of interrelations and
interdependence of species and by doing so gave them the character of
distinct and separate science
human ecology theory
3
examines the location of specific crime and the content in which it
occurred in order to explain and understand crime patterns through mapping crimes.
environmental criminology
4
Physical and perceptual boundaries between different parts of a city: Examples:
Boundaries of neighborhoods, changes in land use, socio-economic boundaries,
entertainment districts.
edges
5
The routes between nodes. It is also the locations of many offenses.
paths
6
Associated with the thinking of Patricia L. Brantingham and Paul J. Brantingham, and their
1984 book, 'Pattens in Crime the idea that the physical environmental influences criminal
behavior.
crime pattern theory
7
is a theory in Freudian psychoanalytic theory that proposes
that very young girls feel deprived and envious that they do not have a penis.
According to him, women were simply men without penises.
penis envy
8
suggests
that class influences delinquency and criminality by
controlling the quality of family life. In egalitarian families, in
which the husband and the wife share similar positions of
power at home and in the workplace-daughters gain a kind of
freedom that reflects reduced parental control.
power control theory
9
also known as Marxist feminists; this theory
holds that gender inequality stems from the unequal power of men and
women and the subsequent exploitation of women by men, the cause of
female criminality originates with the onset of male supremacy and the
efforts of males 'b control female sexuality. Women are a 'commodity"
like land or money.
critical feminist theory
10
the
inherent qualities of a child and his environment interact to influence
how he will grow and develop.
ecological systems theory
11
A place that an individual is regularly drawn to example: Home, work, school,
job, etc. For offenders, nodes tend to be the site of many of their offenses.
nodes
12
developed a new term in
criminology that emphasizes women's involvement in professional
criminality.
criminologist kathleen daly
13
Meda Chesney-Lind and Kathleen Daly (1986): Women and
Crime: The Female Offender (1986). Marginality (low salary:
inadequate job; lower class position; family victimization) of a
woman penetrates criminality in contemporary societies.
marginalization theory
14
was created by Rita J. Simon (1931-2013) in her work,
"Women and Society." this theory argued that the involvement of criminal activities is
increased when women have different opportunities.
opportunity theory
15
The book published by the prominent female criminologist
Freda Adler entitled Sister in Crime: The Rise of a New Female
Criminal (1975) has helped to develop the masculinity theory.
adler's theory of masculinity
16
This theory by Otto Pollak (1950) in his book, The Criminality of Women" who argues
that in a patriarchal society, women are treated more leniently than men because women
are believed to be born biologically inferior and in need of protection from men (Franklin
and Fearne, 2008; Koons-Wit, 2002).
chivalry or paternalism theory
17
is direct, involving the use or threat of force and
intimidation from parents, peers, and law enforcement officer.
interpersonal coercion
18
Mark Colvin (1952-2017) in his work, "Crime and Coercion," identifies master
trait that may guide behavioral choices, in which he calls 'coercion." Perceptions of
coercion can begin in early life when children experience punitive form of discipline
including both physical attacks and psychological coercion including negative
commands. Critical remarks such as teasing, humiliation, whining, yelling, and
threats.
differential coercion theory
19
modified and redefined some of
the principles articulated in Hirschi's social control theory by
integrating the concepts of control with those biosocial,
psychological, routine activities, and rational choice theories.
general theory of crime
20
represents
a potential to commit crime and deviance (Siegel, 2004).
control imbalance
21
is carried out by women whose office jobs can be
characterized as being set on a low to medium level, or more simply
speaking, at a position as accountants, managers, officers, etc. which
embezzlement from their employers.
pink collar crime
22
is a complete opposite of life course theory (as
mentioned in the previous lesson) because in life course theory it
explains that people change over the life course while latent trait
theory claims that people do not change, criminal opportunities
change; maturity brings fewer opportunities, early social control like
proper parenting can reduce criminal propensity.
latent trait theory
23
Criminality, according to this view, cannot be attributed to a single cause, nor
does it represent a single underlying tendency because people are influenced by
different factors as they mature.
life course theory
24
Joseph G. Weis, Richard F. Catalano, J. David Hawkins
(2001), and their associates focus on the different factors
affecting child's social development over the life course.
social development model
25
expands the
concept of personal control as predisposing element for
criminality.
control balance theory
26
involves pressures beyond individual control, such as
economic and social pressure caused by unemployment, poverty, or competition
among businesses or other groups (Siegel, 2004).
impersonal coercion
27
is defined as a visceral feeling of oneness with the group that is
associated with increased permeability of the boundary between the personal and
social self.
identity fusion
28
it is also known as desistance or
spontaneous remission. The tendency for youths to reduce
the frequency of their offending behavior as they aged and
is thought to ocCur among all groups of offenders (Siegel,
2007).
aging out process
29
Robert J. Sampson and John H. Laub in their work
(1993), "Crime in the Making" identify the turning points
in a criminal career. They find out that the stability of
delinquent behavior can be affected by the events that
occur in later life, even after a chronic delinquent career
has been undertaken.
aged graded theory
30
He agrees that the onset
can be traced to a deterioration of the social bond during
adolescence, marked by weakened attachment to parents,
commitment to school, and belief in conventional values.
interactional theory
31
Sociologist Richard Quinney (1970) embraced a conflict model of
crime who integrated his beliefs about power, society, and criminality
into a theory he referred to as the social reality of crime.
social reality of crime
32
assumes that the ideal society is one in which there is equality
of opportunity and a general consensus to accept differences in rewards as
the outcomes of fair competition.
liberalism
33
assume that the ideal society is one in which
authority is unquestioned. The hierarchy of wisdom and virtue is accepted by all as
based on recognizing natural inequalities.Conservative ideologies assume that the ideal society is one in which
authority is unquestioned. The hierarchy of wisdom and virtue is accepted by all as
based on recognizing natural inequalities.
conservative ideologies
34
occurs when the offended party experiences a loss
of some quality relative to his or her present standing.
crime of reduction
35
occurs when members of a group are prevented
from achieving their fullest potential because of racism, sexism, or some
other status bias.
crime of repression
36
views crime as the outcome of class struggle. The
classes that are struggling here are the upper, middle and lower class
(have-nots).
conflict theory
37
views crime as a function of the capitalist mode of
production. Within this system economic competitiveness is the essence of social
life and controls the form and function of social institutions.
the marxist criminology
38
Gregg Barak and Stuart Henry's (1996)
institutive-constitutive theory defines crime as the
application of harm to others.
institutive constitutive theory
39
focuses on the critical analysis of
communication and language in legal codes. It believes that
language is value laden and can promote the same sort of
inequities that are present in the rest of the social structure.
postmodern theory
40
is most connected to the writings of British scholars
John Lea and Jock Young (1942-2013) in their 1984 work, "What Is to be Done
about Law and Order?" by taking a more "realistic approach, saying that street
criminals’ prey on the poor, thus making the poor doubly abused, first by the
capitalist system and then by the members of their own class.
left realism theory
41
was the one who adapted the conflict theory in
criminology. He argued that crime can also be explained by social
conflict.
george vold
42
argues that modern society is organized
into what he called imperatively coordinated associations.
ralf dahrendorf
43
everyone may
desire wealth, but it is only the most privileged people, with
the most capital, who can enjoy luxuries and advantages.
And that people care only for their own lives and pleasures
and ignore the plight of the disadvantage.
willem a. bonger