it is the knowledge/data which an investigator acquired from records and persons. Regular source is acquired from open sources, records, files, cultivated source are information furnished by informants/informers, Grapevine source are information given by the underworld characters such as prisoners or criminals.

gather information of criminal interest

gather information of non-criminal nature

accumulation of anything of intelligence

Is a conversation with a purpose, motivated by a desire to obtain certain information from the person being interviewed as to what was either done, seen, felt, heard, tasted, smell or known.

This is conducted to willing and cooperative witnesses, where they are given the full opportunity to narrate their accounts without any intervention, interruption and interference from the interviewer. After the subject finished his/her narration, the investigator now subjects him/her to the style of the direct examination and cross examination, to clarify the unexplained portions to arrive at a vivid and complete picture of the testimony.

This interview as practiced by some investigators requires the interviewee to answer the question posed by the investigator. The interviewee is required to answer what he/she knows about what is being asked. In the case of subjects of low level intelligence, the use of leading questions greatly helps the investigator to obtain the full and desired information.

Nobody has to talk to law enforcers. No law compels a person to talk to the police if he does not want to. Therefore, people will have to be persuaded, always within legal and ethical limits, to talk to law enforcers.

is usually applied in criminal cases to statements of facts by the accused which do not directly involve an acknowledgement to commit an offense.

this is an expressed acknowledgement by the accused in a criminal case of his guilt as to the crime charged or of some essential part thereof. There is no implied confession for it is positive and direct acknowledgement of guilt. It is the best means of identifying criminal

– it is a confession that is made by the suspect during custodial investigation or those confessions that are made outside of the court.

the confession is voluntary when the accused speaks of free will and accord, without inducement of any kind, with a full and complete

this confession obtained through force, threat, intimidation, duress or anything influencing the voluntary act of the confessor.

this confession is made by the accused in open court. The plea of guilty maybe made during arraignment or any stage of the proceedings where the accused changes plea of not guilty to guilty. This is conclusive upon the court upon the court and may be considered to be a mitigating circumstance to criminal liability.

this is a technique whereby the investigator, combining the skills of an actor and a psychologist, address the suspect with an emotional appeal to confess. This is applicable to first time offenders or those who are emotional type of characteristics displayed by nervousness or emotional disturbances. Devotees of a religion may belong to this type.

A friendly approach coupled with a posture of sincerity may induce the suspect to confess.

the investigator, in his/her preliminary or probing questions must dig deep into the past troubles, plight and unfortunate events in the life of the suspect. An offer to help, kindness, friendliness, may win his cooperation.

is taking of a person into custody in order that he/she may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense. (Sec. 1, Rule 113, Rules of Court)

is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines signed by a judge directed to a peace officer, commanding him/her to arrest the person designated and take him into custody of the law in order that he/she may be bound to answer for the commission of an offense.

As a general rule, it is a requisite that warrant should be issued in the name of the person to be arrested. Any peace officer who arrest a person without warrant may be liable under Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code (Arbitrary Detention). The following are the situations in which a police officer may arrest a person without warrant based on (Rule 113, Section 5, Rules of Court)

As used in criminal investigation, it is the act of examining persons, documents, papers and effects.

is an order in writing issued in the name of the People of the Philippines, signed by a judge and directed to peace officer, commanding him to search for personal property described therein and bring it before the court. (Rule 126, Rules of court)

refers to an end product (knowledge) resulting from the recording evaluation, and analysis, integration, and interpretation of the information. It is also an activity involve in the production of that end product which includes collection, processing, dissemination and use of the knowledge

integrated product of intelligence developed by all government departments concerning the broad aspects of national policy and national security.

intelligence required by an agency or department of the government in order to execute its mission and discharge its responsibilities.

intelligence used in the preparation and execution of military plans,policies and programs. It encompasses three broad fields:

knowledge pertaining to capabilities, vulnerabilities, and probable courses of action of foreign nation.

used in planning and conduction tactical and administrative operations. It is concerned with information about the weather, enemy people and terrain.

denies information to the enemy, increases the security of the command and aids in achieving surprise.

It is a recorded intelligence of police units regarding violations of the Penal and Special Laws of the land, not necessarily restricted to the criminal aspect. It can also include the other broad categories of intelligence in the interest of public safety.

regarded by military historians as the "Father of organized military espionage" This Prussian master was able to classified his agents into four classes: as common spies, double spies , spies of consequence and persons which are involuntarily lead to undertake espionage.

Known as on© of the greatest Roman general, who ruled and conquered Rome for 15 years by obtaining common street knowledge by posing as a beggar to gather first hand information on the pulse of his people.

master planner Who conducted espionage during the 15th century under the Inquisition wherein purging and ecclesiastical cleansing was undertaken to fortify and solidify the Church.

a biblical personality who was able to gain information by using her beauty and charm. She was responsible for the fall of Samson a known Israelite leader who terrorized the Philistines.

an English monarch who started utilizing state informants specially to determine seditious writings against the crown and identify of his enemies. Rewards are given to wards for every useful information gathered.

the protector of Queen Elizabeth I who organized the secret police and established a spy network to detect fleet movement of enemies of the British empire particularly the Portuguese

renowned as Napoleon's Eye. He was credited for establishing counter intelligence conducted against spies. He is a master of deceit who used black mail to obtain vital information pertaining to the personality and identity of the enemies of Napoleon during the 18th century.

Known as the Prussia's King of Sleuth-hounds, as minister of police he started the use of propaganda and censorship as well as utilizing statistical intelligence accounting.

A double spy who while -working as intelligence director of Austria and Hungary and spied for the Russians. He was the infamous person who was responsible for a staggering estimate of the death of half a million people during his 13 year career.

Headed the Office of Strategic Service responsible to establishing a centralized military intelligence for the United States whose valuable contribution was vital to American Victory in the 2nd World War. Through his laid down principles the Centra! Intelligence Agency was established for defense purposes.

A political analyst of the Department of Justice who was accused of taking unlawful possession of government documents and spying for a foreign power. She was a well-known communist activist.

He was accused of releasing American Atomic Secrets to the Soviet in 1945 and British in 1947. He detailed knowledge of the construction of the atomic bomb.

In 1951, a Royal Navy provided military secrets to a foreign power and was found guilty and sentenced to life imprisonment.

established by virtue of the US National security Act of 1947, the central Intelligence Agency took the cudgels from the OSS, the National Intelligence Authority and the Central inteiiigence Group. The function of this famous organization is to ascertain all aspects concerning national security and coordinated efforts of various agencies who are in the nature of intelligence gathering.

Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti, or the Committee for State Security, during the height of the cold war and the prominence of the defunct USSR, it was the Russian Agency whose works are comparable to that of its American counter-part the CIA.

was a parallel ally and intelligence organization of the western powers.

the Israeli intelligence Agency which are renowned by many as the best due to the fact that Israel despite of having countless, enemies in the Middle East was able to survive and flourish.

In 1829 at Great Britain, Sir Henry Peel of the Metropolitan Police Force information regarding the identity, activities of criminals as well as obtaining evidences and effecting the arrests of the same.

The Federal Bureau was established in 1908 and designated as the investigative arm of the US Department of Justice. Under the leadership of John Edgar Hoover, it was vested with the responsibility of handling domestic intelligence of the United States.

the National Bureau of Investigations was established primarily for the purpose of handling scientific and modern investigation of crimes. It was formerly the Bureau of investigation created under Republic Act 157 passed into law last June 19, 1947. It is the equivalent organization of the FBI in the Philippines.

Known as the International Police Organization established after world war II, with its headquarters in Paris; it serves as a clearinghouse (an agency w/ collects and distributes something) of records that provides communicating information from the police fores of one country to those of another. Interpol has been the official means of international co-operation between police forces since 1956. There are currently 146 members states, each with its own

the investigator bluffs the suspects that even if he/she will not confess, there is enough evidence to send him/her to jail.

means that the accused speaks of his free will and accord, without inducement of any kind with a full and complete knowledge of the nature and the consequences of the confession.