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All part 2

All part 2
91問 • 9ヶ月前
  • Erisey Manayon
    • 通報

    問題一覧

  • 1

    Consists of pure masses of a single metal.

    Native metals

  • 2

    Molecules of CO; serves as the anion.

    Carbonates

  • 3

    halogen ion like chorine (CI-) or fluorine (F-).

    Halides

  • 4

    metal cation bonded to SO2 Many sulfates formed precipitation of water.

    Sulfates

  • 5

    metal cation bonded to sulfide S2 The anion of sulfur.

    Sulfides

  • 6

    metal cations bonded to oxygen anions.

    Oxides

  • 7

    Major rock-forming minerals silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms, Sio Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

    Silicates

  • 8

    Mica can be clear; black, green, yellow, red, brown, or purple. It has a perfect cleavage and is its most defining feature.

    Mica

  • 9

    it is a mineral that contains magnesium, iron, silica, and aluminum. It is black, brown, and green in color.

    Hornblende

  • 10

    They are found in rocks located near or at the earth's surface. Clays are the weathered

    Feldspar

  • 11

    found in many types of rocks. Impurities in the rock at the time of formation cause quartz crystals to produce different colors.

    Quartz

  • 12

    Four Most Common Minerals

    Quartz feldspar hornblende Mica

  • 13

    Mineral Classification?

    Silicates Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates Native metals

  • 14

    A mineralogist developed a scale by which minerals can be ranked based on their relative hardness.

    Friedrich Mohs

  • 15

    The way a mineral breaks. In particular, it refers to the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness in its atomic structure. When the break does not happen along planes of weakness, the break is called a fracture.

    Cleavage

  • 16

    The general shape or character of a crystal or cluster of crystals that grew unimpeded.

    Crystal habit

  • 17

    Density of the material, measured as the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water.

    Specific gravity

  • 18

    It is a measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scratching. Hardness is measured using Mohs hardness scale.Hardness It is a measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scratching. Hardness is measured using Mohs hardness scale.

    Hardness

  • 19

    It refers to how the mineral surface scatters light.

    Luster

  • 20

    The color revealed by the mineral when it is in pulverized form.

    Streak

  • 21

    Minerals absorb certain wavelengths of light. As a consequence, minerals reflect a particular range of colors.

    Color

  • 22

    Mineral identification?

    color streak luster hardness specific gravity Crystal habit Cleavage

  • 23

    • Volcanic eruptions release large quantities of fumes which carry different gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere. • Gases condense around "seeds", and under right temperature, they return to the ground as minerals

    Fumarolic Mineralization

  • 24

    Some animals produce mineralized tissues to strengthen or harden their body parts.

    Biomineralization

  • 25

    The minerals are formed without the solid turning into a "melted" form. • Examples (diamonds, graphite, and metamorphic rocks)

    Solid State Diffusion

  • 26

    Minerals form when water containing dissolves substances evaporate. • Example: NaCl

    Precipitation from a Solution

  • 27

    liquid form turns into solid and reveals a crystalline structure • Examples: Ice crystals • When magma cools down slowly, minerals are formed

    Solidification of a Melt

  • 28

    Minerals are formed from the crystallization of substances from volcanic gases

    Fumarolic mineralization

  • 29

    Animals produce minerals in their bodies for the purpose of hardening or strengthening.

    Biomineralization

  • 30

    Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions through a solid resulting in the formation of crystal lattice

    Solid-state diffusion

  • 31

    Atoms, molecules, or ions dissolved in water bond together and separate out of water

    Precipitation from a solution

  • 32

    The freezing of a liquid substance.

    Solidification of a Melt

  • 33

    Formation of Minerals

    Solidification of a Melt Precipitation from a solution Solid-state diffusion Biomineralization Fumarolic mineralization

  • 34

    Minerals is a?

    Solid Crystalline stucture Homogeneous Inorganic Substances Natural Process Definable Chemical stucture

  • 35

    ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS

    MINERALS

  • 36

    EARTH'S WATER

    GLACIERS (Frozen Water) Rivers and Lakes (Surface Water) Aquifers (Underground Water)

  • 37

    is a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid which is a molecule made from hydrogen and oxygen.

    WATER

  • 38

    is a mixture of decomposed organic matter and broken-down rocks and minerals.

    SOIL

  • 39

    are naturally formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substamces.

    ROCKS

  • 40

    • Naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition

    MINERALS

  • 41

    Earth Materials

    MINERALS ROCKS SOIL WATER

  • 42

    Geological Processes that takes place below the Earth's surface.

    Endogenic

  • 43

    Processes takes place on Earth's surface.

    Exogenic

  • 44

    Sources of Earth's Heat

    1. Compression of matter 2. Sinking of heavier metals into earth 3. Residual heat 4. Radioactive decay within earth's core

  • 45

    Formation of Magma

    Formation of Magma Melting by Decompression Melting due to Addition of Volatiles Melting due to Heat-Transfer from Rising Magma

  • 46

    are solid materials consisting of one or more minerals. They form the Earth's outer layer, known as the crust.

    Rocks

  • 47

    THREE TYPES OF ROCKS

    IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

  • 48

    EXAMPLES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS?

    Basalt Peridotite Rhyolite

  • 49

    TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS?

    INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

  • 50

    • If magma solidifies underground

    INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

  • 51

    • Magma erupts at the earth's surface and solidifies upon contact with atmosphere or ocean

    EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

  • 52

    rocks formed from fragments of other rocks. riverbed in loose layers known as sediment. Over millions of years,

    Sedimentary

  • 53

    Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rocks, transforming them into sediments

    WEATHERING

  • 54

    TYPES OF WEATHERING?

    1. Physical Weathering 2. Chemical Weathering

  • 55

    • Also called as mechanical weathering • Breaks large masses of rocks into smaller grains or chunks. • pieces are called detritus

    PHYSICAL WEATHERING

  • 56

    Processes of Physical Weathering

    Jointing Frost wedging Root wedging Thermal expansion Salt wedging Animal attack

  • 57

    Rocks have naturally formed cracks in its structure called joints. When rock changes shape due to an increase in pressure,

    Jointing

  • 58

    When water trapped in the joints of rocks freezes, it forces the joints to open, causing it to enlarge and eventually for the rock to break apart.

    Frost wedging

  • 59

    Tree roots can grow into joints and force them to open.

    Root wedging

  • 60

    all matter expands when subjected to intense heat. Forest fires can be of such intensity that it causes rocks to expand.

    Thermal expansion

  • 61

    In arid regions, dissolved salt in groundwater crystallizes and enlarges in open spaces in rocks.

    Salt wedging

  • 62

    Burrowing animals, such as earthworms, grasshoppers, etc., push open cracks, and break rocks into fragments.

    Animal attack

  • 63

    • Chemical reactions that change or destroy minerals when rocks are exposed to water or air. • Temperature and air speeds up the chemical reactions, takes place faster in warm and wet conditions.

    CHEMICAL WEATHERING

  • 64

    dissolution of these minerals breaks rocks apart.

    Dissolution

  • 65

    minerals react with water. This reaction is decomposition

    Hydrolysis

  • 66

    reactions take place when elements combine with oxygen. Rusting is an example of oxidation.

    Oxidation

  • 67

    occurs when minerals contained in rocks absorb water causing the minerals to expand,

    Hydration

  • 68

    In arid regions, dissolved salt in groundwater crystallizes and enlarges in open spaces in rocks.

    Chemical weathering from organisms

  • 69

    • A type of chemical weathering • Breaks bedrock into smaller fragments. and decomposes into clay and sand

    EROSION

  • 70

    • Turbulent action, removes loose and fine-grained materials • Abrasion, wears down surfaces by sandblasting them with windborne particles.

    WIND EROSION

  • 71

    Earth's surface run-off through the action of rivers and streams on rocks, soils, and sediments.

    WATER EROSION

  • 72

    • Waves and currents from large bodies of water, seas and lakes, act on rocks and sediments through pounding and abrasion

    COASTAL EROSION

  • 73

    EXAMPLES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

    Shale Siltstone Flint

  • 74

    is formed when pre existing sedimentary or igneous rock undergoes significant heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. Rock into completly new form.

    Metamorphic rock

  • 75

    EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

    Phyllite Slate Novaculite

  • 76

    Processes of chemical weathering?

    dissolution hydrolysis oxidation hydration chemical weathering from organisms

  • 77

    When was the Continental drift theory was introduced to the world ?

    1912

  • 78

    Introduced the continental drift theory?

    alfred wegener in 1912

  • 79

    Permian Period 225 million years ago

    Pangea

  • 80

    Triassic Period 200 million years ago

    Laurasia and Gondwana.

  • 81

    135 million years ago

    Jurassic Period

  • 82

    65 million years ago

    Cretaceous Period

  • 83

    The mountain ranges of Buenos Aires, Argentine match the mountain ranges of South Africa. The mountain ranges were of the same age and were formed from the same types of rocks.

    APPARENT FIT OF CONTINENTS

  • 84

    Cynognathus used to roam the connected land masses of South America and Africa. But the continents separated long after they had died, resulting in their separated fossil locations.

    FOSSIL CORRELATION

  • 85

    The most striking fit between continents is the one displayed by the coastlines of South America and Western Africa.

    ROCK AND MOUNTAIN CORRELATION

  • 86

    The strongest evidence supporting the theory of drifting continents came from plate tectonics.

    SPREADING SEAFLOOR

  • 87

    Convection Cells within the Mantle • the theory of drifting continents but attributed the mechanism for this movement to the convection cells from within the earth's mantle.

    SPREADING SEAFLOOR

  • 88

    Elogate submarine mountain ranges between 2 to 2.5 km below the sea

    MID OCEAN RIDGES

  • 89

    Elogate deep areas that lie along the perimeter of the pacific ocean and in a few other places. It is 8-12km deep

    DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES

  • 90

    Isolate submarines mountain which used to be active volcanoes

    SEAMOUNT CHAINS

  • 91

    Bands of vertical fractures. They lie parallel to one another and at right angles to mid ocean ridges

    FRACTURE ZONES

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    問題一覧

  • 1

    Consists of pure masses of a single metal.

    Native metals

  • 2

    Molecules of CO; serves as the anion.

    Carbonates

  • 3

    halogen ion like chorine (CI-) or fluorine (F-).

    Halides

  • 4

    metal cation bonded to SO2 Many sulfates formed precipitation of water.

    Sulfates

  • 5

    metal cation bonded to sulfide S2 The anion of sulfur.

    Sulfides

  • 6

    metal cations bonded to oxygen anions.

    Oxides

  • 7

    Major rock-forming minerals silicon atom surrounded by four oxygen atoms, Sio Silicon-oxygen tetrahedron

    Silicates

  • 8

    Mica can be clear; black, green, yellow, red, brown, or purple. It has a perfect cleavage and is its most defining feature.

    Mica

  • 9

    it is a mineral that contains magnesium, iron, silica, and aluminum. It is black, brown, and green in color.

    Hornblende

  • 10

    They are found in rocks located near or at the earth's surface. Clays are the weathered

    Feldspar

  • 11

    found in many types of rocks. Impurities in the rock at the time of formation cause quartz crystals to produce different colors.

    Quartz

  • 12

    Four Most Common Minerals

    Quartz feldspar hornblende Mica

  • 13

    Mineral Classification?

    Silicates Oxides Sulfides Sulfates Halides Carbonates Native metals

  • 14

    A mineralogist developed a scale by which minerals can be ranked based on their relative hardness.

    Friedrich Mohs

  • 15

    The way a mineral breaks. In particular, it refers to the tendency of a mineral to break along planes of weakness in its atomic structure. When the break does not happen along planes of weakness, the break is called a fracture.

    Cleavage

  • 16

    The general shape or character of a crystal or cluster of crystals that grew unimpeded.

    Crystal habit

  • 17

    Density of the material, measured as the ratio between the weight of a volume of the mineral and the weight of an equal volume of water.

    Specific gravity

  • 18

    It is a measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scratching. Hardness is measured using Mohs hardness scale.Hardness It is a measure of the relative ability of a mineral to resist scratching. Hardness is measured using Mohs hardness scale.

    Hardness

  • 19

    It refers to how the mineral surface scatters light.

    Luster

  • 20

    The color revealed by the mineral when it is in pulverized form.

    Streak

  • 21

    Minerals absorb certain wavelengths of light. As a consequence, minerals reflect a particular range of colors.

    Color

  • 22

    Mineral identification?

    color streak luster hardness specific gravity Crystal habit Cleavage

  • 23

    • Volcanic eruptions release large quantities of fumes which carry different gases and particulate matter into the atmosphere. • Gases condense around "seeds", and under right temperature, they return to the ground as minerals

    Fumarolic Mineralization

  • 24

    Some animals produce mineralized tissues to strengthen or harden their body parts.

    Biomineralization

  • 25

    The minerals are formed without the solid turning into a "melted" form. • Examples (diamonds, graphite, and metamorphic rocks)

    Solid State Diffusion

  • 26

    Minerals form when water containing dissolves substances evaporate. • Example: NaCl

    Precipitation from a Solution

  • 27

    liquid form turns into solid and reveals a crystalline structure • Examples: Ice crystals • When magma cools down slowly, minerals are formed

    Solidification of a Melt

  • 28

    Minerals are formed from the crystallization of substances from volcanic gases

    Fumarolic mineralization

  • 29

    Animals produce minerals in their bodies for the purpose of hardening or strengthening.

    Biomineralization

  • 30

    Movement of atoms, molecules, or ions through a solid resulting in the formation of crystal lattice

    Solid-state diffusion

  • 31

    Atoms, molecules, or ions dissolved in water bond together and separate out of water

    Precipitation from a solution

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    The freezing of a liquid substance.

    Solidification of a Melt

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    Formation of Minerals

    Solidification of a Melt Precipitation from a solution Solid-state diffusion Biomineralization Fumarolic mineralization

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    Minerals is a?

    Solid Crystalline stucture Homogeneous Inorganic Substances Natural Process Definable Chemical stucture

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    ARE THE BUILDING BLOCKS OF ROCKS

    MINERALS

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    EARTH'S WATER

    GLACIERS (Frozen Water) Rivers and Lakes (Surface Water) Aquifers (Underground Water)

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    is a clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid which is a molecule made from hydrogen and oxygen.

    WATER

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    is a mixture of decomposed organic matter and broken-down rocks and minerals.

    SOIL

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    are naturally formed aggregates of minerals or mineral-like substamces.

    ROCKS

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    • Naturally occurring inorganic solids that have a crystalline structure and definite chemical composition

    MINERALS

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    Earth Materials

    MINERALS ROCKS SOIL WATER

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    Geological Processes that takes place below the Earth's surface.

    Endogenic

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    Processes takes place on Earth's surface.

    Exogenic

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    Sources of Earth's Heat

    1. Compression of matter 2. Sinking of heavier metals into earth 3. Residual heat 4. Radioactive decay within earth's core

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    Formation of Magma

    Formation of Magma Melting by Decompression Melting due to Addition of Volatiles Melting due to Heat-Transfer from Rising Magma

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    are solid materials consisting of one or more minerals. They form the Earth's outer layer, known as the crust.

    Rocks

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    THREE TYPES OF ROCKS

    IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC

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    EXAMPLES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS?

    Basalt Peridotite Rhyolite

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    TYPES OF IGNEOUS ROCKS?

    INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

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    • If magma solidifies underground

    INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

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    • Magma erupts at the earth's surface and solidifies upon contact with atmosphere or ocean

    EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS

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    rocks formed from fragments of other rocks. riverbed in loose layers known as sediment. Over millions of years,

    Sedimentary

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    Refers to the processes that break up and corrode solid rocks, transforming them into sediments

    WEATHERING

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    TYPES OF WEATHERING?

    1. Physical Weathering 2. Chemical Weathering

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    • Also called as mechanical weathering • Breaks large masses of rocks into smaller grains or chunks. • pieces are called detritus

    PHYSICAL WEATHERING

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    Processes of Physical Weathering

    Jointing Frost wedging Root wedging Thermal expansion Salt wedging Animal attack

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    Rocks have naturally formed cracks in its structure called joints. When rock changes shape due to an increase in pressure,

    Jointing

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    When water trapped in the joints of rocks freezes, it forces the joints to open, causing it to enlarge and eventually for the rock to break apart.

    Frost wedging

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    Tree roots can grow into joints and force them to open.

    Root wedging

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    all matter expands when subjected to intense heat. Forest fires can be of such intensity that it causes rocks to expand.

    Thermal expansion

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    In arid regions, dissolved salt in groundwater crystallizes and enlarges in open spaces in rocks.

    Salt wedging

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    Burrowing animals, such as earthworms, grasshoppers, etc., push open cracks, and break rocks into fragments.

    Animal attack

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    • Chemical reactions that change or destroy minerals when rocks are exposed to water or air. • Temperature and air speeds up the chemical reactions, takes place faster in warm and wet conditions.

    CHEMICAL WEATHERING

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    dissolution of these minerals breaks rocks apart.

    Dissolution

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    minerals react with water. This reaction is decomposition

    Hydrolysis

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    reactions take place when elements combine with oxygen. Rusting is an example of oxidation.

    Oxidation

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    occurs when minerals contained in rocks absorb water causing the minerals to expand,

    Hydration

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    In arid regions, dissolved salt in groundwater crystallizes and enlarges in open spaces in rocks.

    Chemical weathering from organisms

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    • A type of chemical weathering • Breaks bedrock into smaller fragments. and decomposes into clay and sand

    EROSION

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    • Turbulent action, removes loose and fine-grained materials • Abrasion, wears down surfaces by sandblasting them with windborne particles.

    WIND EROSION

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    Earth's surface run-off through the action of rivers and streams on rocks, soils, and sediments.

    WATER EROSION

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    • Waves and currents from large bodies of water, seas and lakes, act on rocks and sediments through pounding and abrasion

    COASTAL EROSION

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    EXAMPLES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

    Shale Siltstone Flint

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    is formed when pre existing sedimentary or igneous rock undergoes significant heat and pressure deep within the Earth's crust. Rock into completly new form.

    Metamorphic rock

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    EXAMPLES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS

    Phyllite Slate Novaculite

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    Processes of chemical weathering?

    dissolution hydrolysis oxidation hydration chemical weathering from organisms

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    When was the Continental drift theory was introduced to the world ?

    1912

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    Introduced the continental drift theory?

    alfred wegener in 1912

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    Permian Period 225 million years ago

    Pangea

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    Triassic Period 200 million years ago

    Laurasia and Gondwana.

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    135 million years ago

    Jurassic Period

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    65 million years ago

    Cretaceous Period

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    The mountain ranges of Buenos Aires, Argentine match the mountain ranges of South Africa. The mountain ranges were of the same age and were formed from the same types of rocks.

    APPARENT FIT OF CONTINENTS

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    Cynognathus used to roam the connected land masses of South America and Africa. But the continents separated long after they had died, resulting in their separated fossil locations.

    FOSSIL CORRELATION

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    The most striking fit between continents is the one displayed by the coastlines of South America and Western Africa.

    ROCK AND MOUNTAIN CORRELATION

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    The strongest evidence supporting the theory of drifting continents came from plate tectonics.

    SPREADING SEAFLOOR

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    Convection Cells within the Mantle • the theory of drifting continents but attributed the mechanism for this movement to the convection cells from within the earth's mantle.

    SPREADING SEAFLOOR

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    Elogate submarine mountain ranges between 2 to 2.5 km below the sea

    MID OCEAN RIDGES

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    Elogate deep areas that lie along the perimeter of the pacific ocean and in a few other places. It is 8-12km deep

    DEEP OCEAN TRENCHES

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    Isolate submarines mountain which used to be active volcanoes

    SEAMOUNT CHAINS

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    Bands of vertical fractures. They lie parallel to one another and at right angles to mid ocean ridges

    FRACTURE ZONES