Respiratory system

ensures that’s oxygen is supplied to the body and carbon dioxide is removed from the body’s cells to maintain homeostasis

nose, pharynx(throat), larynx (voice box)

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs, alveoli

1. Regulation of blood pH., 2. Filters, warms , humidifiers the air we breathe, 3. Vocalization and the production of sound.

Gas exchange occurs in the alveoli through the process of diffusion, where oxygen moves from areas of higher concentration in the alveoli to lower concentration in the blood,

head cold

a chest cold

cilia

The nose filters, humidifies, and warms the air we breathe, ensuring it is clean and at a suitable temperature for the lungs. Additionally, it houses olfactory receptors that contribute to our sense of smell.

Filters, Warms, Humidifies

oxygen moves from areas of higher concentration in the alveoli to lower concentration in the blood,

The barrier between the capillaries and the air in the alveoli is a single layer of simple squamous epithelial cells and is less than 1 micron thick. Surface of the membrane is covered in SURFACTANT- Which decreases the surface tension (stickiness) of the mucus that lines the alveoli, which keeps the alveoli from collapsing as air moves in and out.

bone dividing the nasal cavity into two nostrils.

olfactory receptors (smell receptors) are located in the superior part

frontal- lower forehead, orbits, maxillary sinuse -near the buccal area (in maxillary bone), sephenoid sinuse- behind nose and between eyes, ethmoid sinuse- in ethmoid bone,between eyes on ether side of the septum

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

middle ear

air and food pass through this area

* Palatine tonsils: Located on either side of the oropharynx., * Lingual tonsils: At the base of the tongue., * Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids): In the nasopharynx., Tubal Tonsils: Positioned near the opening of the Eustachian tubes, located in the lateral walls of the nasopharynx.

help to provide immunity at a critical area where the bacteria gets in

* Vocal cords: 2 short fibrous bands that stretch across the inside of the larynx, Glottis: space between the vocal cords that changes shape as we speak, * Epiglottis:Flap that prevents food from entering the trachea. .

From the larynx to the bronchi is a tube like structure in the neck and upper chest . Provides parts of the open passageway through which air can reach the lungs from outside the body

promote effective and efficient air exchange between the blood circulation the lung capillaries and alveolar air.

The normal respiration rate is 12-20 breaths/ minute the respiratory center is the brainstem

pulmonary ventilation (breathing) and pulmonary gas exchange ( occurs by diffusion)

systemic gas exchange and cellular respiration

cells using o2 in the process of metabolism

occurs when the chest cavity enlarges, the lungs expand as well, and air rushes in and down to the alveoli. diaphragm and external intercostal muscles increase the size and volume of the chest cavity .

measures the amount of air exchange in breathing

amount of air that is breathed in and out with each breath (500ml of air)

largest amount of air that can be breathed in and out in one breath

amount of air that remains in the lungs after forceful expiration

The alveoli and capillaries in the respiratory membrane help with gas exchange.

This permits equalization of the air pressure in the ears. • Also allows for sinusitis to easily turn into an ear infection.