問題一覧
1
there is no such thing as innate knowledge; instead, knowledge is derived from
experience either perceived with the five senses or processed with the brain. One knows
things because he or she has experienced it through sensory and bodily experiences.
empiricism
2
argues that there is innate knowledge; however, there are different sources of
innate knowledge. Rationalism explains self from the standpoint of what is “ideal” and “true”, and not rooted in what is felt by the senses or body. Conclusions are derived through logic
and reasoning. Some philosophers applied empirical views of the self; others used the rational
approach.
rationalism
3
was a Greek philosopher who believed that philosophy had a very
important role to play in the lives of the people. One of his most quoted phrases is,
“The unexamined life is not worth living”. According to Socrates, self-knowledge or
the examination of one’s self, as well as the question about how one ought to live
one’s life, are very important concerns because only by knowing your self can you
hope to improve your life.
socrates
4
Socrates suggested that the self consists of two dichotomous realism
the physical realm is changeable transient and imperfect. the ideal realm is unchanging eternal and immortal
5
It was the student of Socrates who also believed that the self is
synonymous with the soul. Plato elaborated the concept of the soul;
plato
6
Plato elaborated the concept of the soul; specifically he introduced the idea of a three part soul:
reason physical appetite spirit or passion
7
African philosopher Augustine is regarded as a saint in the
Catholic Church. As religious philosopher, he contemplated on the nature of man
with an emphasis on the soul as an important element of man. He believed that
the soul is what governs and defines the human person. Augustine described that
humankind is created in the image and likeness of God
st. agustin
8
Everything created by God
who is all good is good. Therefore, the human person being a creation of God is
always geared towards the good. Augustine was convinced that the self is known
only through knowing God. For Augustine, “knowledge can only come by seeing
the truth that dwells within us.” The truth that which Augustine spoke refers to the
truth of knowing God. God is transcendent and that the self seeks to be united
with God through faith and reason
st. agustin
9
French philosopher Descartes is the father of Modern philosophy. He brought an entirely new perspective to philosophy and the self. The
Latin phrase Cogito ergosum―”I think therefore I am” is the keystone
rene descartes
10
the human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank slate.
The self or personal identity is constructed primarily from sense experience―
specifically, what people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. These experiences shape
and mold the self throughout a person’s life. For Locke, conscious awareness and
memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self
john lockef
11
For German philosopher Kant, it is the self that makes
experiencing an understandable world possible because it is the self that is actively
organizing all our thoughts and perceptions. In other words, the self-construct its
own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar, predictable, and most
significantly, mine. The self is the product of reason, a regulative principle, because
the self regulates experience by making unified experiences possible. The self
transcends experience because the mind can grasp aspects of reality which is not
limited to the senses
immanuel kant
12
British philosopher believed that the self is best understood as
a pattern of behavior, the tendency for a person to behave in a certain way in
certain circumstances.concept of the human self thus provided the
philosophical principle, “I act therefore I am”. considers the mind and body
intrinsically linked in complex and intimate ways. In short, the self is the same as
bodily behavior. is convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of
thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the human self.
gilbert ryle
13
American philosopher advocated the idea of
eliminative materialism or the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain and
the physiology of the body. All person has is the brain and so, if the brain is gone,
there is no self. the physical brain and not the imaginary mind, gives people the sense of self. The self is the brain.
paul church land
問題一覧
1
there is no such thing as innate knowledge; instead, knowledge is derived from
experience either perceived with the five senses or processed with the brain. One knows
things because he or she has experienced it through sensory and bodily experiences.
empiricism
2
argues that there is innate knowledge; however, there are different sources of
innate knowledge. Rationalism explains self from the standpoint of what is “ideal” and “true”, and not rooted in what is felt by the senses or body. Conclusions are derived through logic
and reasoning. Some philosophers applied empirical views of the self; others used the rational
approach.
rationalism
3
was a Greek philosopher who believed that philosophy had a very
important role to play in the lives of the people. One of his most quoted phrases is,
“The unexamined life is not worth living”. According to Socrates, self-knowledge or
the examination of one’s self, as well as the question about how one ought to live
one’s life, are very important concerns because only by knowing your self can you
hope to improve your life.
socrates
4
Socrates suggested that the self consists of two dichotomous realism
the physical realm is changeable transient and imperfect. the ideal realm is unchanging eternal and immortal
5
It was the student of Socrates who also believed that the self is
synonymous with the soul. Plato elaborated the concept of the soul;
plato
6
Plato elaborated the concept of the soul; specifically he introduced the idea of a three part soul:
reason physical appetite spirit or passion
7
African philosopher Augustine is regarded as a saint in the
Catholic Church. As religious philosopher, he contemplated on the nature of man
with an emphasis on the soul as an important element of man. He believed that
the soul is what governs and defines the human person. Augustine described that
humankind is created in the image and likeness of God
st. agustin
8
Everything created by God
who is all good is good. Therefore, the human person being a creation of God is
always geared towards the good. Augustine was convinced that the self is known
only through knowing God. For Augustine, “knowledge can only come by seeing
the truth that dwells within us.” The truth that which Augustine spoke refers to the
truth of knowing God. God is transcendent and that the self seeks to be united
with God through faith and reason
st. agustin
9
French philosopher Descartes is the father of Modern philosophy. He brought an entirely new perspective to philosophy and the self. The
Latin phrase Cogito ergosum―”I think therefore I am” is the keystone
rene descartes
10
the human mind at birth is tabula rasa or blank slate.
The self or personal identity is constructed primarily from sense experience―
specifically, what people see, hear, smell, taste, and feel. These experiences shape
and mold the self throughout a person’s life. For Locke, conscious awareness and
memory of previous experiences are the keys to understanding the self
john lockef
11
For German philosopher Kant, it is the self that makes
experiencing an understandable world possible because it is the self that is actively
organizing all our thoughts and perceptions. In other words, the self-construct its
own reality, actively creating a world that is familiar, predictable, and most
significantly, mine. The self is the product of reason, a regulative principle, because
the self regulates experience by making unified experiences possible. The self
transcends experience because the mind can grasp aspects of reality which is not
limited to the senses
immanuel kant
12
British philosopher believed that the self is best understood as
a pattern of behavior, the tendency for a person to behave in a certain way in
certain circumstances.concept of the human self thus provided the
philosophical principle, “I act therefore I am”. considers the mind and body
intrinsically linked in complex and intimate ways. In short, the self is the same as
bodily behavior. is convinced that the mind expresses the entire system of
thoughts, emotions, and actions that make up the human self.
gilbert ryle
13
American philosopher advocated the idea of
eliminative materialism or the idea that the self is inseparable from the brain and
the physiology of the body. All person has is the brain and so, if the brain is gone,
there is no self. the physical brain and not the imaginary mind, gives people the sense of self. The self is the brain.
paul church land