It is one of the factors affecting the business environment because it often involves the coordination of a complicated network of actors and relationships relating to the exchange of products, expertise, technology, and finance across boundaries.
a. Partnering
b. Global sourcing
c. Functional departments
d. Segmentationb
It is the function responsible for acquiring all the materials needed by an organization
a. purchasing
b. acquisition
c. supply chain
d. procurementa
It involves the act of buying from suppliers without following the company's pre- established procurement policy.
a. Tail spend
b. Overspend
c. Maverick Spend
d. None of the choicesc
A cost-efficient method of shipping in which a business palletizes inventory to ship more at once, a. Consignment inventory.
b. Batch tracking
c. Bulk shipments
d. Break bulkingc
It is the process of ordering, handling, storing, and using a company's non-capitalized assets.
a. Inventory Management
b. Warehouse Management
c. Storage Management
d. Procurement Managementa
It refers to the external factors that cause demand to unexpectedly increase or decrease.
a. Unforeseen events
b. Uncertain factors
c. Market share
d. Market pricesb
It gives a mechanism for coordinating the flow of materials between customers and suppliers.
a. requisition
b. acquisition
c. buying
d. procurementd
It is the act of buying services in various fields when a company might not have the expertise, time, or resources to do it in-house.
a. Service Procurement
b. Buying Service
c. Service Purchasing
d. None of the choicea
Mr Z, the General Manager of Company "C" conducts a surprise visit to one of their warehouses located in Laguna. Upon inspection, it was found out that there is a shortage of 100 stocks of polished wood which will be supplied to their customer-manufacturer of furniture. What type of inventory dees Company "C" keep in storage?
a. Raw materials
b. Work-in-progress
c. Finished goods
d. None of the choices.b
Supplier "S" delivers the frozen fish to the warehouse of Company "B". Said fish will be used for the production of canned fish. Based on the situation, what type of stock was stored in the warehouse of Company "B"?
a. Raw materials
b. Consumables
c. Spare parts
d. None of the choicesa
One of the widely used techniques for control of inventories.
a. FSN. Analysis
b. ABC Analysie
c. VED Classification
d. SDE Classificationb
It is based upon the availability of items and is very useful in the context of scarcity of supply.
a. FSN Analysis
b. ABC Analysis
c. VED Classification
d. SDE Classificationd
The analysis done to determine the criticality of an item and its effect on production and other services. It is specially used for the classification of spare parts.
a. FSN Analysis
b. ABC Analysis
c. VED Classification
d. SDE Classificationc
Under VED Classification, if a part or an item is considered as vital, what classification is given to said part or item?
a. V
b. E
c. D
d. Sa
What is the first procedure in developing ABC analysis?
a. Determine the annual volume of usage and value of each item.
b. List the items carried in inventory by number or some other designation.
c. Compute each item's percentage of the total inventory in terms of annual usage in value.
d. None of the choicesa
What is the objective of ABC Analysis?
a. To vary the expenses associated with maintaining appropriate control according to the potential savings associated with a proper level of such control.
b. To determine the criticality of an item and its effect on production and other services.
c. To identify active items which need to be reviewed regularly and surplus items which have to be examined further.
d. To keep control over consumption at departmental levels, for deciding the frequency of physical verification, and for controlling purchases.a
It is how long it takes an item to reach the retailer, starting from when it is ordered from the supplier. a. Cycle time
b. Lead time
c. Average time
d. Delivery timeb
The threshold you maintain is such that, if the stock level falls to this level, you raise a new purchase order with your supplier.
a. Out-of-stock
b. Safety stock
c. Re-order point
d. Storage capacityc
The approach in building a model of an idealized inventory system and calculate the fixed order quantity that minimizes total costs.
a. Economic Order Quantity
b. Economic Order Quality
c. Number of Orders
d. Demand Quantitya
The fixed order size that the company always uses.
a.Order quantity (Q)
b. Demand (D)
c. Supply (S)
d. Purchase Order (PO)a
The time between two consecutive replenishments. This depends on the order quantify, with larger orders leading to longer times.
a. Lead time
b. Cycle Time
c. Replenishment Time
d. Order turnoverb
It sets the number of units to be supplied from stock in a given time period.
a. Supply
b. Projected Sales
c. Demand
d. Marketc
A financial metric that measures how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced within a certain period, typically a year. It's calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold (COGS) by the average inventory value during the same period.
a. Inventory Turnover Rate
b. Inventory Turnover
c. Inventory Turnover Percentage
d. Stock Turnoverb
Refers to the expenses associated with holding and storing inventory over a certain period.
a. Inventory Carrying Costs
b. Inventory Costs
c. Inventory Expenses
d. Stock Keeping Costsa
Since inventory is sold and replaced more frequently, there is less need for storage space and associated expenses, such as rent, utilities, and maintenance. Higher inventory turnover rates lead to
a. Reduced Holding Costs
b. Lower Obsolescence Risks
c. Decreased Inventory Shrinkage
d. Improved Cash Flowa
The process of predicting what customers' appetite will be for existing products or services, determining what adjustment you should make and what new offerings will spark interest.
a. Projecting Demand
b. Demand Planning
c. Demand Forecasting
d. Supply Planningc
It plays the valuable role of storage facility in the material handling process (that is, the way products are kept and moved through the supply chain).
a. Inventory
b. Warehousing
c. Storage
d. Procurementb
It is essential for proper inventory management, helping retailers and small businesses keep their cash flow steady, reduce waste, and maximize the customer experience.
a. Real-time Tracking
b. Tracing
c. Monitoring
d. Inventory by locationa
This planning optimizes inventory levels across multiple locations in the supply chain
a. Multi-echelon Inventory Planning
b. Lead Time Analysis
c. ABCD Analysis
d. Multiple Echelon Inventory Plana
It arises from various sources, including fluctuating demand, supply chain disruptions, economic volatility, and unforeseen events like natural disasters or pandemics.
a. Obsolescence in inventory
b. Fluctuating inventory
c. Uncertainty in inventory management
d. Unforeseen events affecting inventory managementc
Demand for products can vary unexpectedly due to changes in consumer behavior, market trends, or external factors. Businesses must be prepared to adjust their inventory levels to meet shifting demand patterns.
a. Fluctuating demand
b. Unstable market
c. Destabilized supply
d. Non-concentrated marketa
Which of the following is an example of supply chain disruption?
a. traffic
b.global warming
c. reconstructed highways
d. GPS utilizationa
Inflation is an example of-
a. Fluctuating demand
b. Supply chain disruption
c. Geopolitical event
d. Economic fluctuationsd
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Conducting risk assessment helps to identify vulnerabilities in the supply chain and inventory management processes.
b. technology tools can enhance decision-making under uncertain conditions.
c. Scenario planning makes a proactive approach that can help businesses respond swiftly to unexpected events
d. None of the choicesd
Which of the following is one of the reasons for inventory shrinkage?
a. Theft
b. Misplacement
c. Price increase
d. Inflationa
A useful tool for understanding trends in customer demand. These tools can help you automate workflows and monitor inventory levels in real-time, reducing the chance of human error.
a. Data analysis
b. Analysis result
c. Customer demand analysis
d. Annual performancea
It helps keep suppliers and customers informed to set expectations for lead times, plan inventory levels accordingly, and reduce order fulfillment errors.
a. Information sharing
b. Reporting
c. Automation
d. Good communicationd
It improves inventory turnover and reduces the chance of excess inventory. And it helps to streamline processes like warehousing and replenishment and enhance inventory management functionality with tools like point-of-sale (POS) and perpetual inventory systems
a. Technology
b. Internet of Things (IoT)
c. Automation
d. None of the choicesc
A precise figure that represents inventory turnover. This benchmark reveals how quickly your company uses and replaces inventory within a predefined time frame.
a. Return-on-Investment
b. Re-order point
c. Inventory turnover ratio
d. Inventory monitoringc
This happens when your business's actual inventory levels are less than your recorded inventory levels.
a. Loss
b. Inventory variance
c. Unbalanced inventory
d. Inventory shrinkaged
A symptom of poor inventory management occurs when customer demand exceeds available inventory.
a. Backorder
b. Returns
c. Complaint
d. Cancelled ordera
It indicates failure to meet customer expectations or fulfill commitments.
a. High customer turnover rate
b. Increasing number of orders canceled
c. Increasing number of backorders
d. Large quantities of obsolete items.b
Which of the following is not a symptom of poor inventory management?
a. Increasing number of backorders
b. High customer turnover rate
c. Periodic lack of sufficient storage space
d. Measurement of fill rates by skillsd
Which of the following is not included in the inventory carrying cost?
a. Warehousing
b. Insurance
c. Promotions and marketing
d. Damagec
To bring down inventory carrying costs, a business needs to reassess its processes and eliminate any inefficiencies. Therefore, what is the first best way to reduce inventory carrying costs? a. Improve warehouse layout
b. Determine the optimal inventory levels and reorder point
c. Accelerate inventory tumover
d. Use Inventory management softwarea
Which of the following are the four main components that make up inventory carrying costs?
a. Capital costs, inventory service costs, inventory risk costs, and storage costs.
b. Infrastructure cost, labor cost, storage cost, and handling costs
c. Investment, risk costs, depreciation, and inflation
d. None of the choicesa
It accounts for the highest percentage of carrying costs. These costs are those required to púrchase raw materials or inventory items along with any related financing fees, loan maintenance fees, and interest.
a. Inventory service costs
b. Investment
c. Capital costs
d. Storage costsc
It is not directly related to stock items but are necessary to hold them at a depot or warehouse. These costs include insurance inventory management software fees. premiums, taxes, hardware investments, and
a. Inventory service costs
b. Inventory risk costs
c. Handling costs
d. Utilities expensea
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Higher Inventory levels may result in higher insurance premiums and tax rates but may also be necessary to keep products flowing to buyers.
b. Sales loss is the loss of saleable products due to product expiration or retirement and is an issue for retailers carrying products with a short shelf life.
c. Warehouse costs are the expenses required to manage a warehouse.
d. None of the choicesa
If the customer placed a purchase order for item AA last April 30, 2024, and received the same on May 31, 2024. What is the lead time for item AA?
a. 1 month
b. 31 days
c. 32 days
d. 4weeksb
Under HML classification, who decides and fix the limis for the three categories?
a. Management
b. It depends on the value and annual volume usage of the inventory.
c. It depends on the handling costs of the inventory, the inventory with high value has hi handling costs.
d. None of the choicesa
Which of the following inventory classification has a minimum stock?
a. V
b. S
c. H
d. Dd
Which of the following products shall be categorized under SDE classification as "S"?
a. oil
b. salt
c. sugar
d. corna
Which of the following products shall be categorized under SDE classification as "E"?
a. rice
b. peaches
c. lubricants
d. all of the choicesa
Under SDE Classification, an inventory categorized as "D" are those-
a.Items which have to come from distant places or for which reliable suppliers are difficult to come by.
b. Items wherein minimum stock is enough.
c. Non-moving items that may be examined further and their disposal can be considered.
d. None of the choicesa
What is the correct order for the procedure for developing ABC Analysis?
i. Determine the annual volume of usage and value of each item.
ii. Multiply each items annual volume of usage by its value.
iii. List each item carried in inventory by number or some other designation.
iv. Compute each item's percentage of the total inventory in terms of annual usage in rupees.
v. Select the top 10% of all items which have the highest percentages and classify them as "A" items.
vi. Select the next 20% of all items with the next highest percentages and designate them as "B" items
vii. The next 70% of all items with the lowest percentages are "C" items.
a. i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, and vii
b. iii, i, ii, iv, v, vi, and vii
c. vii, vi, v, iv, iii, i, and il
d. None of the choicesb
Which of the following situations is the best example of an HML classification?
a. An item having an inventory cost of Php 100,000.00 such as sheet steel, has a much greater potential for saving expenses related to maintaining inventories than an item with a cost of Php 100.00
b. The management may decide that all units with unit value of Php 2000.00 and above will be "H" items, Php 1000.00 to Php 2000.00 "M" items and less than Php 1000.00 "L" items.
c. An item is being classified based on the date of receipt.
d. None of the choicesb
What is being controlled under FSN analysis?
a. Obsolescence
b. Obesity
c. Movement of inventory
d. Inventory turnovera
FSN stands for fast moving slow moving and non-moving. Here, classification is based on the pattern of issues from stores and is useful in controlling product absence.
a. The first statement is correct while the second statement is incorrect.
b. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct.
c. Both statements are correct.
d. Both statements are incorrect.a
It is one of the factors affecting the business environment because it often involves the coordination of a complicated network of actors and relationships relating to the exchange of products, expertise, technology, and finance across boundaries.
a. Partnering
b. Global sourcing
c. Functional departments
d. Segmentationb
It is the function responsible for acquiring all the materials needed by an organization
a. purchasing
b. acquisition
c. supply chain
d. procurementa
It involves the act of buying from suppliers without following the company's pre- established procurement policy.
a. Tail spend
b. Overspend
c. Maverick Spend
d. None of the choicesc
A cost-efficient method of shipping in which a business palletizes inventory to ship more at once, a. Consignment inventory.
b. Batch tracking
c. Bulk shipments
d. Break bulkingc
It is the process of ordering, handling, storing, and using a company's non-capitalized assets.
a. Inventory Management
b. Warehouse Management
c. Storage Management
d. Procurement Managementa
It refers to the external factors that cause demand to unexpectedly increase or decrease.
a. Unforeseen events
b. Uncertain factors
c. Market share
d. Market pricesb
It gives a mechanism for coordinating the flow of materials between customers and suppliers.
a. requisition
b. acquisition
c. buying
d. procurementd
It is the act of buying services in various fields when a company might not have the expertise, time, or resources to do it in-house.
a. Service Procurement
b. Buying Service
c. Service Purchasing
d. None of the choicea
Mr Z, the General Manager of Company "C" conducts a surprise visit to one of their warehouses located in Laguna. Upon inspection, it was found out that there is a shortage of 100 stocks of polished wood which will be supplied to their customer-manufacturer of furniture. What type of inventory dees Company "C" keep in storage?
a. Raw materials
b. Work-in-progress
c. Finished goods
d. None of the choices.b
Supplier "S" delivers the frozen fish to the warehouse of Company "B". Said fish will be used for the production of canned fish. Based on the situation, what type of stock was stored in the warehouse of Company "B"?
a. Raw materials
b. Consumables
c. Spare parts
d. None of the choicesa
One of the widely used techniques for control of inventories.
a. FSN. Analysis
b. ABC Analysie
c. VED Classification
d. SDE Classificationb
It is based upon the availability of items and is very useful in the context of scarcity of supply.
a. FSN Analysis
b. ABC Analysis
c. VED Classification
d. SDE Classificationd
The analysis done to determine the criticality of an item and its effect on production and other services. It is specially used for the classification of spare parts.
a. FSN Analysis
b. ABC Analysis
c. VED Classification
d. SDE Classificationc
Under VED Classification, if a part or an item is considered as vital, what classification is given to said part or item?
a. V
b. E
c. D
d. Sa
What is the first procedure in developing ABC analysis?
a. Determine the annual volume of usage and value of each item.
b. List the items carried in inventory by number or some other designation.
c. Compute each item's percentage of the total inventory in terms of annual usage in value.
d. None of the choicesa
What is the objective of ABC Analysis?
a. To vary the expenses associated with maintaining appropriate control according to the potential savings associated with a proper level of such control.
b. To determine the criticality of an item and its effect on production and other services.
c. To identify active items which need to be reviewed regularly and surplus items which have to be examined further.
d. To keep control over consumption at departmental levels, for deciding the frequency of physical verification, and for controlling purchases.a
It is how long it takes an item to reach the retailer, starting from when it is ordered from the supplier. a. Cycle time
b. Lead time
c. Average time
d. Delivery timeb
The threshold you maintain is such that, if the stock level falls to this level, you raise a new purchase order with your supplier.
a. Out-of-stock
b. Safety stock
c. Re-order point
d. Storage capacityc
The approach in building a model of an idealized inventory system and calculate the fixed order quantity that minimizes total costs.
a. Economic Order Quantity
b. Economic Order Quality
c. Number of Orders
d. Demand Quantitya
The fixed order size that the company always uses.
a.Order quantity (Q)
b. Demand (D)
c. Supply (S)
d. Purchase Order (PO)a
The time between two consecutive replenishments. This depends on the order quantify, with larger orders leading to longer times.
a. Lead time
b. Cycle Time
c. Replenishment Time
d. Order turnoverb
It sets the number of units to be supplied from stock in a given time period.
a. Supply
b. Projected Sales
c. Demand
d. Marketc
A financial metric that measures how many times a company's inventory is sold and replaced within a certain period, typically a year. It's calculated by dividing the cost of goods sold (COGS) by the average inventory value during the same period.
a. Inventory Turnover Rate
b. Inventory Turnover
c. Inventory Turnover Percentage
d. Stock Turnoverb
Refers to the expenses associated with holding and storing inventory over a certain period.
a. Inventory Carrying Costs
b. Inventory Costs
c. Inventory Expenses
d. Stock Keeping Costsa
Since inventory is sold and replaced more frequently, there is less need for storage space and associated expenses, such as rent, utilities, and maintenance. Higher inventory turnover rates lead to
a. Reduced Holding Costs
b. Lower Obsolescence Risks
c. Decreased Inventory Shrinkage
d. Improved Cash Flowa
The process of predicting what customers' appetite will be for existing products or services, determining what adjustment you should make and what new offerings will spark interest.
a. Projecting Demand
b. Demand Planning
c. Demand Forecasting
d. Supply Planningc
It plays the valuable role of storage facility in the material handling process (that is, the way products are kept and moved through the supply chain).
a. Inventory
b. Warehousing
c. Storage
d. Procurementb
It is essential for proper inventory management, helping retailers and small businesses keep their cash flow steady, reduce waste, and maximize the customer experience.
a. Real-time Tracking
b. Tracing
c. Monitoring
d. Inventory by locationa
This planning optimizes inventory levels across multiple locations in the supply chain
a. Multi-echelon Inventory Planning
b. Lead Time Analysis
c. ABCD Analysis
d. Multiple Echelon Inventory Plana
It arises from various sources, including fluctuating demand, supply chain disruptions, economic volatility, and unforeseen events like natural disasters or pandemics.
a. Obsolescence in inventory
b. Fluctuating inventory
c. Uncertainty in inventory management
d. Unforeseen events affecting inventory managementc
Demand for products can vary unexpectedly due to changes in consumer behavior, market trends, or external factors. Businesses must be prepared to adjust their inventory levels to meet shifting demand patterns.
a. Fluctuating demand
b. Unstable market
c. Destabilized supply
d. Non-concentrated marketa
Which of the following is an example of supply chain disruption?
a. traffic
b.global warming
c. reconstructed highways
d. GPS utilizationa
Inflation is an example of-
a. Fluctuating demand
b. Supply chain disruption
c. Geopolitical event
d. Economic fluctuationsd
Which of the following statements is incorrect?
a. Conducting risk assessment helps to identify vulnerabilities in the supply chain and inventory management processes.
b. technology tools can enhance decision-making under uncertain conditions.
c. Scenario planning makes a proactive approach that can help businesses respond swiftly to unexpected events
d. None of the choicesd
Which of the following is one of the reasons for inventory shrinkage?
a. Theft
b. Misplacement
c. Price increase
d. Inflationa
A useful tool for understanding trends in customer demand. These tools can help you automate workflows and monitor inventory levels in real-time, reducing the chance of human error.
a. Data analysis
b. Analysis result
c. Customer demand analysis
d. Annual performancea
It helps keep suppliers and customers informed to set expectations for lead times, plan inventory levels accordingly, and reduce order fulfillment errors.
a. Information sharing
b. Reporting
c. Automation
d. Good communicationd
It improves inventory turnover and reduces the chance of excess inventory. And it helps to streamline processes like warehousing and replenishment and enhance inventory management functionality with tools like point-of-sale (POS) and perpetual inventory systems
a. Technology
b. Internet of Things (IoT)
c. Automation
d. None of the choicesc
A precise figure that represents inventory turnover. This benchmark reveals how quickly your company uses and replaces inventory within a predefined time frame.
a. Return-on-Investment
b. Re-order point
c. Inventory turnover ratio
d. Inventory monitoringc
This happens when your business's actual inventory levels are less than your recorded inventory levels.
a. Loss
b. Inventory variance
c. Unbalanced inventory
d. Inventory shrinkaged
A symptom of poor inventory management occurs when customer demand exceeds available inventory.
a. Backorder
b. Returns
c. Complaint
d. Cancelled ordera
It indicates failure to meet customer expectations or fulfill commitments.
a. High customer turnover rate
b. Increasing number of orders canceled
c. Increasing number of backorders
d. Large quantities of obsolete items.b
Which of the following is not a symptom of poor inventory management?
a. Increasing number of backorders
b. High customer turnover rate
c. Periodic lack of sufficient storage space
d. Measurement of fill rates by skillsd
Which of the following is not included in the inventory carrying cost?
a. Warehousing
b. Insurance
c. Promotions and marketing
d. Damagec
To bring down inventory carrying costs, a business needs to reassess its processes and eliminate any inefficiencies. Therefore, what is the first best way to reduce inventory carrying costs? a. Improve warehouse layout
b. Determine the optimal inventory levels and reorder point
c. Accelerate inventory tumover
d. Use Inventory management softwarea
Which of the following are the four main components that make up inventory carrying costs?
a. Capital costs, inventory service costs, inventory risk costs, and storage costs.
b. Infrastructure cost, labor cost, storage cost, and handling costs
c. Investment, risk costs, depreciation, and inflation
d. None of the choicesa
It accounts for the highest percentage of carrying costs. These costs are those required to púrchase raw materials or inventory items along with any related financing fees, loan maintenance fees, and interest.
a. Inventory service costs
b. Investment
c. Capital costs
d. Storage costsc
It is not directly related to stock items but are necessary to hold them at a depot or warehouse. These costs include insurance inventory management software fees. premiums, taxes, hardware investments, and
a. Inventory service costs
b. Inventory risk costs
c. Handling costs
d. Utilities expensea
Which of the following statements is correct?
a. Higher Inventory levels may result in higher insurance premiums and tax rates but may also be necessary to keep products flowing to buyers.
b. Sales loss is the loss of saleable products due to product expiration or retirement and is an issue for retailers carrying products with a short shelf life.
c. Warehouse costs are the expenses required to manage a warehouse.
d. None of the choicesa
If the customer placed a purchase order for item AA last April 30, 2024, and received the same on May 31, 2024. What is the lead time for item AA?
a. 1 month
b. 31 days
c. 32 days
d. 4weeksb
Under HML classification, who decides and fix the limis for the three categories?
a. Management
b. It depends on the value and annual volume usage of the inventory.
c. It depends on the handling costs of the inventory, the inventory with high value has hi handling costs.
d. None of the choicesa
Which of the following inventory classification has a minimum stock?
a. V
b. S
c. H
d. Dd
Which of the following products shall be categorized under SDE classification as "S"?
a. oil
b. salt
c. sugar
d. corna
Which of the following products shall be categorized under SDE classification as "E"?
a. rice
b. peaches
c. lubricants
d. all of the choicesa
Under SDE Classification, an inventory categorized as "D" are those-
a.Items which have to come from distant places or for which reliable suppliers are difficult to come by.
b. Items wherein minimum stock is enough.
c. Non-moving items that may be examined further and their disposal can be considered.
d. None of the choicesa
What is the correct order for the procedure for developing ABC Analysis?
i. Determine the annual volume of usage and value of each item.
ii. Multiply each items annual volume of usage by its value.
iii. List each item carried in inventory by number or some other designation.
iv. Compute each item's percentage of the total inventory in terms of annual usage in rupees.
v. Select the top 10% of all items which have the highest percentages and classify them as "A" items.
vi. Select the next 20% of all items with the next highest percentages and designate them as "B" items
vii. The next 70% of all items with the lowest percentages are "C" items.
a. i, ii, iii, iv, v, vi, and vii
b. iii, i, ii, iv, v, vi, and vii
c. vii, vi, v, iv, iii, i, and il
d. None of the choicesb
Which of the following situations is the best example of an HML classification?
a. An item having an inventory cost of Php 100,000.00 such as sheet steel, has a much greater potential for saving expenses related to maintaining inventories than an item with a cost of Php 100.00
b. The management may decide that all units with unit value of Php 2000.00 and above will be "H" items, Php 1000.00 to Php 2000.00 "M" items and less than Php 1000.00 "L" items.
c. An item is being classified based on the date of receipt.
d. None of the choicesb
What is being controlled under FSN analysis?
a. Obsolescence
b. Obesity
c. Movement of inventory
d. Inventory turnovera
FSN stands for fast moving slow moving and non-moving. Here, classification is based on the pattern of issues from stores and is useful in controlling product absence.
a. The first statement is correct while the second statement is incorrect.
b. The first statement is incorrect while the second statement is correct.
c. Both statements are correct.
d. Both statements are incorrect.a