Speeds near the speed of light

A particle accelerator used to get charged particles to very high speeds

Electron Gun , Alternating Current, Drift Tubes

An electron gun is used to fire a beam of charged particles into the first drift tube, The next drift tube has a voltage opposite to the particle, allowing the electric field to accelerate the particle through the gap between the tubes, Once it enters the tube, the voltage will switch due to the alternating current, allowing the charged particle to be accelerated through the gap again, This process repeats, but with the length of the tubes increasing , The time taken in each tube remains constant as the velocity is increasing but the length is also increasing

Devices that use a potential difference to accelerate electrons, which are released by thermionic emission (due to heating the cathode) and travel out through the anode

A sample is vaporised (turned into a gas), An electron gun creates a beam of electrons that are fired at the vapour, The electrons collide with the vapour, causing the atoms to lose electrons and become charged, The ions are then accelerated using an electric field, They then pass into the "velocity sector" where an electric and magnetic field are perpendicular to each other, and exert opposing forces on the ions , If the forces are balanced (only occurs if ions move at a certain speed), the ions can travel in a straight line into the separation chamber, There is a uniform magnetic field in the separation chamber, exerting a force on the ions perpendicular to their movement, This makes them take a circular path into a screen (detector) which can measure the radius of that path

It determines the ratio of their mass to their charge, which can identify a sample

Looking at particle tracks from a cloud or bubble chamber

Because they leave a trail of detectable ionised particles in ther path

A tank filled with superheated liquid hydrogen, that forms bubbles around ionised particles - looking at these bubbles allows us to track the path of moving particles

Because the tank is placed within a magnetic field

From the radius of the curvature of tracks - this tells us characteristics of the particle from the equation r = mv/BQ, From the direction of the curvature - tells us the charge (+ or -) of the particle, using Fleming's Left Hand Rule, Analysing interactions - Particles have collided if tracks suddenly stop or change shape. If the particles look as if they've been created by nothing, particles have been created from an uncharged particle (e.g. photon), which doesn't make tracks as it is uncharged

The slowing down of time when an object is travelling at relativistic speeds