問題一覧
1
Disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation, followed by invasion and colonization of body sites normally reserved for other cells.
Cancer
2
Enzyme that seals nicks that arise in the backbone of a DNA molecule; in the laboratory, can be used to join together two DNA fragments.
DNA Ligase
3
Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA molecule from a DNA template using deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors.
DNA Polymerase
4
Collective term for the enzymatic processes that correct damage to DNA.
DNA Repair
5
The process by which a copy of a DNA molecule is made.
DNA Replication
6
Mechanism by which double-strand breaks in a DNA molecule can be repaired flawlessly; uses an undamaged, duplicated, or homologous chromosome to guide the repair. During meiosis, the mechanism results in an exchange of genetic information between the maternal and paternal homologs.
Homologous Recombination
7
At a replication fork, the DNA strand that is made discontinuously in short fragments that are later joined together to form one continuous new strand.
Lagging Strand
8
At a replication fork, the DNA strand that is made by continuous synthesis in the 5′-to-3′ direction.
Leading Strand
9
Mechanism for recognizing and correcting incorrectly paired nucleotides—those that are noncomplementary.
Mismatch Repair
10
A randomly produced, permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Mutation
11
An error-prone mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA by rejoining the two broken ends; often results in a loss of information at the site of repair.
Nonhomologous End Joining
12
Short length of DNA, including an RNA primer, produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Following primer removal, adjacent fragments are rapidly joined together by DNA ligase to form a continuous DNA strand.
Okazaki Fragment
13
An RNA polymerase that uses DNA as a template to produce an RNA fragment that serves as a primer for DNA synthesis.
Primase
14
The process by which DNA polymerase corrects its own errors as it moves along DNA.
Proofreading
15
Y-shaped junction at the site where DNA is being replicated.
Replication Fork
16
Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.
Replication Origin
17
Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of informational, structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.
RNA
18
Enzyme that elongates telomeres, synthesizing the repetitive nucleotide sequences found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Telomerase
19
Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication.
Telomere
20
A molecular structure that serves as a pattern for the production of other molecules. For example, one strand of DNA directs the synthesis of the complementary DNA strand.
Template
21
The production of different mRNAs (and proteins) from the same gene by splicing its RNA transcripts in different ways.
Alternative Splicing
22
During protein synthesis, an enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form a “charged” aminoacyl-tRNA.
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase
23
Set of three consecutive nucleotides in a transfer RNA molecule that recognizes, through base-pairing, the threenucleotide codon on a messenger RNA molecule; this interaction helps to deliver the correct amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain.
Anticodon
24
Group of three consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid or that starts or stops protein synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in an mRNA or in a coding sequence of DNA.
Codon
25
Segment of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA and dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein.
Exon
26
Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms, a segment of DNA that directs the production of a particular protein or functional RNA molecule.
Gene
27
The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity.
Gene Expression
28
Proteins that assemble on the promoters of eukaryotic genes near the start site of transcription and load the RNA polymerase in the correct position.
General Transcription Factors
29
Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Genetic Code
30
Special tRNA that initiates the translation of an mRNA in a ribosome. It always carries the amino acid methionine.
Initiator tRNA
31
Noncoding sequence within a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into an RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce an mRNA.
Intron
32
RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
mRNA
33
The addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA molecule.
Polyadenylation
34
DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription; includes sequences recognized by RNA polymerase and its accessory proteins.
Promoter
35
Enzyme that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing their peptide bonds.
Protease
36
Large protein machine that degrades proteins that are damaged, misfolded, or no longer needed by the cell; its target proteins are marked for destruction primarily by the attachment of a short chain of ubiquitin.
Proteasome
37
One of the three possible ways in which a set of successive nucleotide triplets can be translated into protein, depending on which nucleotide serves as the starting point.
Reading Frame
38
RNA molecule that forms the structural and catalytic core of the ribosome.
rRNA
39
Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins, that translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain.
Ribosome
40
An RNA molecule with catalytic activity.
Ribozyme
41
The modification of the 5′ end of a maturing RNA transcript by the addition of an atypical nucleotide.
RNA Capping
42
Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template using ribonucleoside triphosphate precursors.
RNA Polymerase
43
Broad term for the modifications that a precursor mRNA undergoes as it matures into an mRNA. It typically includes 5′ capping, RNA splicing, and 3′ polyadenylation.
RNA Processing
44
Process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA molecules in the nucleus during the formation of a mature messenger RNA.
RNA Splicing
45
RNA molecule produced by transcription that is complementary to one strand of DNA.
RNA transcript
46
Hypothetical period in Earth’s early history in which lifeforms were thought to use RNA both to store genetic information and to catalyze chemical reactions.
RNA World
47
RNA molecule of around 200 nucleotides that participates in RNA splicing.
Small Nuclear RNA
48
Large assembly of RNA and protein molecules that splices introns out of pre-mRNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Spliceosome
49
Process in which RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA sequence.
Transcription
50
Small RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor that “reads” a codon in mRNA and adds the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
Transfer RNA
51
Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein.
Translation
52
Protein that promotes the proper association of ribosomes with mRNA and is required for the initiation of protein synthesis.
Translation Initiation Factor
53
The ability of differentiated cells and their descendants to maintain their identity.
Cell Memory
54
Describes the way in which groups of transcription regulators work together to regulate the expression of a single gene.
Combinatorial Control
55
Process by which a pluripotent cell undergoes a progressive, coordinated change to a more specialized cell type, brought about by large-scale changes in gene expression.
Differentiation
56
The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA; this covalent modification generally turns off genes by attracting proteins that block gene expression.
DNA Methylation
57
The transmission of a heritable pattern of gene expression from one cell to its progeny that does not involve altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.
Epigenetic Inheritance
58
Somatic cell that has been reprogrammed to resemble and behave like a pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell through the artificial introduction of a set of genes encoding particular transcription regulators.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
59
Class of RNA molecules more than 200 nucleotides in length that does not encode proteins. Often used to regulate gene expression.
Long Noncoding RNA
60
Small noncoding RNA that controls gene expression by base-pairing with a specific mRNA to regulate its stability and its translation.
MicroRNA
61
An important form of regulation in which the end product of a reaction or pathway stimulates continued production or activity; controls a variety of biological processes, including enzyme activity, cell signaling, and gene expression.
Positive Feedback Loop
62
Regulation of gene expression that occurs after transcription of the gene has begun; examples include RNA splicing and translational control.
Post-Transcriptional Control
63
DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator binds to determine when, where, and in what quantities a gene is to be transcribed into RNA.
Regulatory DNA Sequence
64
RNA molecule that plays a role in controlling gene expression.
Regulatory RNA
65
Gene encoding a protein whose activity is easy to monitor experimentally; used to study the expression pattern of a target gene or the localization of its protein product.
Reporter Gene
66
Cellular mechanism activated by double-stranded RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar nucleotide sequence. It is widely exploited as an experimental tool for preventing the expression of selected genes (gene silencing).
RNA Interference
67
Short length of RNA produced from double-stranded RNA during the process of RNA interference. It base-pairs with identical sequences in other RNAs, leading to the inactivation or destruction of the target RNA.
Small Interfering RNA
68
Protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA sequence to switch a gene either on or off.
Transcription Regulator
69
A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to stimulate transcription of an adjacent gene.
Transcriptional Activator
70
A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene.
Transcriptional Repressor
71
Family of mobile genetic elements that comprises about 10% of the human genome; this short, repetitive sequence is no longer mobile on its own, but requires enzymes encoded by other elements to transpose.
Alu Sequence
72
The preservation of gene order in the genomes of different species.
Conserved Synteny
73
Mechanism for the evolution of new genes; in the process, coding sequences from different genes are brought together to generate a protein with a new combination of domains.
Exon Shuffling
74
Cell type in a diploid organism that carries only one set of chromosomes and is specialized for sexual reproduction. A sperm or an egg; also called a germ cell.
Gamete
75
A process by which new genes can form; involves the accidental generation of an additional copy of a stretch of DNA containing one or more genes, followed by an accumulation of mutations that over time can alter the function or expression of either the original or its copy.
Gene Duplication and Divergence
76
A set of related genes that has arisen through a process of gene duplication and divergence.
Gene Family
77
The lineage of reproductive cells that contributes to the formation of a new generation of organisms, as distinct from somatic cells, which form the body and leave no descendants in the next generation.
Germ Line
78
Genes that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin. Can also refer to similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences.
Homologous Gene
79
Process by which DNA is passed from the genome of one organism to that of another, even to an individual from another species. This contrasts with “vertical” gene transfer, which refers to the transfer of genetic information from parent to progeny.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
80
Type of retrotransposon that constitutes 15% of the human genome; also called LINE-1.
L1 Element
81
Short segment of DNA that can move, sometimes through an RNA intermediate, from one location in a genome to another; an important source of genetic variation in most genomes. Also called a transposon.
Mobile Genetic Element
82
Long sequence of nucleotides that contains no stop codon; used to identify potential protein-coding sequences in DNA.
Open Reading Frame
83
Diagram or “family tree” showing the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms or proteins.
Phylogenetic Tree
84
Change in a single nucleotide pair in a DNA sequence.
Point Mutation
85
Preservation of a specific nucleotide sequence by the elimination of individuals carrying mutations that interfere with its functions.
Purifying Selection
86
Type of mobile genetic element that moves by being first transcribed into an RNA copy that is reconverted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and inserted elsewhere in the chromosomes.
Retrotransposon
87
RNA-containing virus that replicates in a cell by first making a double-stranded DNA intermediate that becomes integrated into the cell’s chromosome.
Retrovirus
88
Enzyme that makes a double-stranded DNA copy from a single-stranded RNA template molecule. Present in retroviruses and as part of the transposition machinery of retrotransposons.
Reverse Transcriptase
89
Form of genetic variation in which one portion of the population differs from another in terms of which nucleotide is found at a particular position in the genome.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism
90
Any cell that forms part of the body of a plant or animal that is not a germ cell or germ-line precursor.
Somatic Cell
91
General name for short segments of DNA that can move from one location to another in the genome. Also known as mobile genetic elements.
Transposon
92
Particle consisting of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a protein coat and capable of replicating within a host cell and spreading from cell to cell.
Virus
93
DNA molecule synthesized from an mRNA molecule and therefore lacking the introns that are present in genomic DNA.
Complementory DNA
94
Collection of DNA fragments synthesized using all of the mRNAs present in a particular type of cell as a template.
cDNA Library
95
System for gene editing based on a bacterial enzyme that uses a guide RNA molecule to search for and modify specific nucleotide sequences in the genome.
CRISPR
96
The standard method of determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA; utilizes DNA polymerase and a set of chain-terminating nucleotides.
Dideoxy Sequencing
97
Production of many identical copies of a DNA sequence.
DNA Cloning
98
Collection of cloned DNA molecules, representing either an entire genome or copies of the mRNA produced by a cell.
DNA Library
99
Enzyme that seals nicks that arise in the backbone of a DNA molecule; in the laboratory, can be used to join together two DNA fragments.
DNA Ligase
100
A genetically engineered animal in which a specific gene has been inactivated.
Gene Knockout
問題一覧
1
Disease caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell proliferation, followed by invasion and colonization of body sites normally reserved for other cells.
Cancer
2
Enzyme that seals nicks that arise in the backbone of a DNA molecule; in the laboratory, can be used to join together two DNA fragments.
DNA Ligase
3
Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a DNA molecule from a DNA template using deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate precursors.
DNA Polymerase
4
Collective term for the enzymatic processes that correct damage to DNA.
DNA Repair
5
The process by which a copy of a DNA molecule is made.
DNA Replication
6
Mechanism by which double-strand breaks in a DNA molecule can be repaired flawlessly; uses an undamaged, duplicated, or homologous chromosome to guide the repair. During meiosis, the mechanism results in an exchange of genetic information between the maternal and paternal homologs.
Homologous Recombination
7
At a replication fork, the DNA strand that is made discontinuously in short fragments that are later joined together to form one continuous new strand.
Lagging Strand
8
At a replication fork, the DNA strand that is made by continuous synthesis in the 5′-to-3′ direction.
Leading Strand
9
Mechanism for recognizing and correcting incorrectly paired nucleotides—those that are noncomplementary.
Mismatch Repair
10
A randomly produced, permanent change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
Mutation
11
An error-prone mechanism for repairing double-strand breaks in DNA by rejoining the two broken ends; often results in a loss of information at the site of repair.
Nonhomologous End Joining
12
Short length of DNA, including an RNA primer, produced on the lagging strand during DNA replication. Following primer removal, adjacent fragments are rapidly joined together by DNA ligase to form a continuous DNA strand.
Okazaki Fragment
13
An RNA polymerase that uses DNA as a template to produce an RNA fragment that serves as a primer for DNA synthesis.
Primase
14
The process by which DNA polymerase corrects its own errors as it moves along DNA.
Proofreading
15
Y-shaped junction at the site where DNA is being replicated.
Replication Fork
16
Nucleotide sequence at which DNA replication is initiated.
Replication Origin
17
Molecule produced by the transcription of DNA; usually single-stranded, it is a polynucleotide composed of covalently linked ribonucleotide subunits. Serves a variety of informational, structural, catalytic, and regulatory functions in cells.
RNA
18
Enzyme that elongates telomeres, synthesizing the repetitive nucleotide sequences found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes.
Telomerase
19
Repetitive nucleotide sequence that caps the ends of linear chromosomes. Counteracts the tendency of the chromosome otherwise to shorten with each round of replication.
Telomere
20
A molecular structure that serves as a pattern for the production of other molecules. For example, one strand of DNA directs the synthesis of the complementary DNA strand.
Template
21
The production of different mRNAs (and proteins) from the same gene by splicing its RNA transcripts in different ways.
Alternative Splicing
22
During protein synthesis, an enzyme that attaches the correct amino acid to a tRNA molecule to form a “charged” aminoacyl-tRNA.
Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase
23
Set of three consecutive nucleotides in a transfer RNA molecule that recognizes, through base-pairing, the threenucleotide codon on a messenger RNA molecule; this interaction helps to deliver the correct amino acid to a growing polypeptide chain.
Anticodon
24
Group of three consecutive nucleotides that specifies a particular amino acid or that starts or stops protein synthesis; applies to the nucleotides in an mRNA or in a coding sequence of DNA.
Codon
25
Segment of a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into RNA and dictates the amino acid sequence of part of a protein.
Exon
26
Unit of heredity containing the instructions that dictate the characteristics or phenotype of an organism; in molecular terms, a segment of DNA that directs the production of a particular protein or functional RNA molecule.
Gene
27
The process by which a gene makes a product that is useful to the cell or organism by directing the synthesis of a protein or an RNA molecule with a characteristic activity.
Gene Expression
28
Proteins that assemble on the promoters of eukaryotic genes near the start site of transcription and load the RNA polymerase in the correct position.
General Transcription Factors
29
Set of rules by which the information contained in the nucleotide sequence of a gene and its corresponding RNA molecule is translated into the amino acid sequence of a protein.
Genetic Code
30
Special tRNA that initiates the translation of an mRNA in a ribosome. It always carries the amino acid methionine.
Initiator tRNA
31
Noncoding sequence within a eukaryotic gene that is transcribed into an RNA molecule but is then excised by RNA splicing to produce an mRNA.
Intron
32
RNA molecule that specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.
mRNA
33
The addition of multiple adenine nucleotides to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA molecule.
Polyadenylation
34
DNA sequence that initiates gene transcription; includes sequences recognized by RNA polymerase and its accessory proteins.
Promoter
35
Enzyme that degrades proteins by hydrolyzing their peptide bonds.
Protease
36
Large protein machine that degrades proteins that are damaged, misfolded, or no longer needed by the cell; its target proteins are marked for destruction primarily by the attachment of a short chain of ubiquitin.
Proteasome
37
One of the three possible ways in which a set of successive nucleotide triplets can be translated into protein, depending on which nucleotide serves as the starting point.
Reading Frame
38
RNA molecule that forms the structural and catalytic core of the ribosome.
rRNA
39
Large macromolecular complex, composed of RNAs and proteins, that translates a messenger RNA into a polypeptide chain.
Ribosome
40
An RNA molecule with catalytic activity.
Ribozyme
41
The modification of the 5′ end of a maturing RNA transcript by the addition of an atypical nucleotide.
RNA Capping
42
Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template using ribonucleoside triphosphate precursors.
RNA Polymerase
43
Broad term for the modifications that a precursor mRNA undergoes as it matures into an mRNA. It typically includes 5′ capping, RNA splicing, and 3′ polyadenylation.
RNA Processing
44
Process in which intron sequences are excised from RNA molecules in the nucleus during the formation of a mature messenger RNA.
RNA Splicing
45
RNA molecule produced by transcription that is complementary to one strand of DNA.
RNA transcript
46
Hypothetical period in Earth’s early history in which lifeforms were thought to use RNA both to store genetic information and to catalyze chemical reactions.
RNA World
47
RNA molecule of around 200 nucleotides that participates in RNA splicing.
Small Nuclear RNA
48
Large assembly of RNA and protein molecules that splices introns out of pre-mRNA in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
Spliceosome
49
Process in which RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA as a template to synthesize a complementary RNA sequence.
Transcription
50
Small RNA molecule that serves as an adaptor that “reads” a codon in mRNA and adds the correct amino acid to the growing polypeptide chain.
Transfer RNA
51
Process by which the sequence of nucleotides in a messenger RNA molecule directs the incorporation of amino acids into protein.
Translation
52
Protein that promotes the proper association of ribosomes with mRNA and is required for the initiation of protein synthesis.
Translation Initiation Factor
53
The ability of differentiated cells and their descendants to maintain their identity.
Cell Memory
54
Describes the way in which groups of transcription regulators work together to regulate the expression of a single gene.
Combinatorial Control
55
Process by which a pluripotent cell undergoes a progressive, coordinated change to a more specialized cell type, brought about by large-scale changes in gene expression.
Differentiation
56
The enzymatic addition of methyl groups to cytosine bases in DNA; this covalent modification generally turns off genes by attracting proteins that block gene expression.
DNA Methylation
57
The transmission of a heritable pattern of gene expression from one cell to its progeny that does not involve altering the nucleotide sequence of the DNA.
Epigenetic Inheritance
58
Somatic cell that has been reprogrammed to resemble and behave like a pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cell through the artificial introduction of a set of genes encoding particular transcription regulators.
Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell
59
Class of RNA molecules more than 200 nucleotides in length that does not encode proteins. Often used to regulate gene expression.
Long Noncoding RNA
60
Small noncoding RNA that controls gene expression by base-pairing with a specific mRNA to regulate its stability and its translation.
MicroRNA
61
An important form of regulation in which the end product of a reaction or pathway stimulates continued production or activity; controls a variety of biological processes, including enzyme activity, cell signaling, and gene expression.
Positive Feedback Loop
62
Regulation of gene expression that occurs after transcription of the gene has begun; examples include RNA splicing and translational control.
Post-Transcriptional Control
63
DNA sequence to which a transcription regulator binds to determine when, where, and in what quantities a gene is to be transcribed into RNA.
Regulatory DNA Sequence
64
RNA molecule that plays a role in controlling gene expression.
Regulatory RNA
65
Gene encoding a protein whose activity is easy to monitor experimentally; used to study the expression pattern of a target gene or the localization of its protein product.
Reporter Gene
66
Cellular mechanism activated by double-stranded RNA molecules that results in the destruction of RNAs containing a similar nucleotide sequence. It is widely exploited as an experimental tool for preventing the expression of selected genes (gene silencing).
RNA Interference
67
Short length of RNA produced from double-stranded RNA during the process of RNA interference. It base-pairs with identical sequences in other RNAs, leading to the inactivation or destruction of the target RNA.
Small Interfering RNA
68
Protein that binds specifically to a regulatory DNA sequence to switch a gene either on or off.
Transcription Regulator
69
A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to stimulate transcription of an adjacent gene.
Transcriptional Activator
70
A protein that binds to a specific regulatory region of DNA to prevent transcription of an adjacent gene.
Transcriptional Repressor
71
Family of mobile genetic elements that comprises about 10% of the human genome; this short, repetitive sequence is no longer mobile on its own, but requires enzymes encoded by other elements to transpose.
Alu Sequence
72
The preservation of gene order in the genomes of different species.
Conserved Synteny
73
Mechanism for the evolution of new genes; in the process, coding sequences from different genes are brought together to generate a protein with a new combination of domains.
Exon Shuffling
74
Cell type in a diploid organism that carries only one set of chromosomes and is specialized for sexual reproduction. A sperm or an egg; also called a germ cell.
Gamete
75
A process by which new genes can form; involves the accidental generation of an additional copy of a stretch of DNA containing one or more genes, followed by an accumulation of mutations that over time can alter the function or expression of either the original or its copy.
Gene Duplication and Divergence
76
A set of related genes that has arisen through a process of gene duplication and divergence.
Gene Family
77
The lineage of reproductive cells that contributes to the formation of a new generation of organisms, as distinct from somatic cells, which form the body and leave no descendants in the next generation.
Germ Line
78
Genes that are similar because of their common evolutionary origin. Can also refer to similarities between protein sequences or nucleic acid sequences.
Homologous Gene
79
Process by which DNA is passed from the genome of one organism to that of another, even to an individual from another species. This contrasts with “vertical” gene transfer, which refers to the transfer of genetic information from parent to progeny.
Horizontal Gene Transfer
80
Type of retrotransposon that constitutes 15% of the human genome; also called LINE-1.
L1 Element
81
Short segment of DNA that can move, sometimes through an RNA intermediate, from one location in a genome to another; an important source of genetic variation in most genomes. Also called a transposon.
Mobile Genetic Element
82
Long sequence of nucleotides that contains no stop codon; used to identify potential protein-coding sequences in DNA.
Open Reading Frame
83
Diagram or “family tree” showing the evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms or proteins.
Phylogenetic Tree
84
Change in a single nucleotide pair in a DNA sequence.
Point Mutation
85
Preservation of a specific nucleotide sequence by the elimination of individuals carrying mutations that interfere with its functions.
Purifying Selection
86
Type of mobile genetic element that moves by being first transcribed into an RNA copy that is reconverted to DNA by reverse transcriptase and inserted elsewhere in the chromosomes.
Retrotransposon
87
RNA-containing virus that replicates in a cell by first making a double-stranded DNA intermediate that becomes integrated into the cell’s chromosome.
Retrovirus
88
Enzyme that makes a double-stranded DNA copy from a single-stranded RNA template molecule. Present in retroviruses and as part of the transposition machinery of retrotransposons.
Reverse Transcriptase
89
Form of genetic variation in which one portion of the population differs from another in terms of which nucleotide is found at a particular position in the genome.
Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism
90
Any cell that forms part of the body of a plant or animal that is not a germ cell or germ-line precursor.
Somatic Cell
91
General name for short segments of DNA that can move from one location to another in the genome. Also known as mobile genetic elements.
Transposon
92
Particle consisting of nucleic acid (RNA or DNA) enclosed in a protein coat and capable of replicating within a host cell and spreading from cell to cell.
Virus
93
DNA molecule synthesized from an mRNA molecule and therefore lacking the introns that are present in genomic DNA.
Complementory DNA
94
Collection of DNA fragments synthesized using all of the mRNAs present in a particular type of cell as a template.
cDNA Library
95
System for gene editing based on a bacterial enzyme that uses a guide RNA molecule to search for and modify specific nucleotide sequences in the genome.
CRISPR
96
The standard method of determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA; utilizes DNA polymerase and a set of chain-terminating nucleotides.
Dideoxy Sequencing
97
Production of many identical copies of a DNA sequence.
DNA Cloning
98
Collection of cloned DNA molecules, representing either an entire genome or copies of the mRNA produced by a cell.
DNA Library
99
Enzyme that seals nicks that arise in the backbone of a DNA molecule; in the laboratory, can be used to join together two DNA fragments.
DNA Ligase
100
A genetically engineered animal in which a specific gene has been inactivated.
Gene Knockout