The epistemic view of science, which states that the Universe, with its observed and unobserved concepts, being described by Science is real regardless of how it is represented.

Scientific realism

Realism postulates that everything is true.

Naïve

It is the epistemic view of science, which states that the unobservable concepts of the Universe, such as electrons and genes, are inherently unverified

Scientific Antirealism

States that science aims to give, in its various theories, a true story of what the Universe is, but based only on the observable aspects of the Universe.

Constructive empiricism

States that scientific theories are merely instruments for solving problems and making predictions.

Instrumentalism

Argues that every aspect of scientific knowledge is borne out of the collective observations of many. This information is only proven to be true because these have been verified and endorsed by a particular group at a particular time.

Social Constructivism

Can be construed as a thesis about ontologies, laws, theories, linguistic expressions, or some combination of these.

Reductionism

Has been tagged as the "disunity of science" because it promotes a multidisciplinary approach to the various fields of science rather than a succession of knowledge in between disciplines.

Theoretical pluralism

Which statement is TRUE about scientific conditions and/or advancements during The Precolonial era

There have not been any reliable accounts that could provide details about it

Which statement is FALSE about scientific conditions and/or advancements during The Spanish Occupation

The University of the Philippines first opened during this time

Which statement is FALSE about scientific conditions and/or advancements during The American Occupation

They established gender-specific schools that taught subjects designated for boys and girls

Which statement is FALSE about the Medieval Era

Constantinople became the capital of the Byzantine Empire opposite Rome, becoming the central capital that connects Asia and Europe

Which statement is FALSE about the Byzantine Era

This period occurred alongside the Renaissance Period

Which statement is TRUE about the Renaissance Era

Philosophy and the arts became a mainstay such as secularism, humanism, individualism, skepticism

believes that this world, and this life, is worth studying, urging humans to live their lives to the fullest and not just for preparing for the afterlife

Secularism

believes that humans are not merely pawns in the Divine Plan, but are capable individuals who can achieve great accomplishments

Humanism

believes that only an individual can accomplish great things, not just groups of people

Individualism

believes that there is nothing wrong in challenging the accepted authorities, values, and/or established secular knowledge

Skepticism

believed that by reducing monopolies and restrictions, the economy would grow as the people themselves would even out the supply and demand

Laissez-faire Policy (Hands-off)

Which Statement is FALSE about Sigmund Freud

Men who are close to their mothers, now called colloquially as, quote-unquote, Mama’s boy, have Zeus complex, named after the Greek mythology hero Zeus who, quote- unquote, had relations with his mother

It is the instinctual, impulsive part of the mind, driven by immediate desires and seeking instant pleasure without concern for consequences.

ID (basic instincts)

It is the rational mediator, operating at a conscious level to balance the impulsive ID with the realities of the external world, making practical decisions that consider both personal desires and practical constraints.

Ego (the conscious mind)

It is the moral guide, representing societal norms and personal values.

Superego (the conscience)

Major Ancient Philosophers: was responsible for the growth of Tibetan Buddhism

Aryadeva

Major Ancient Philosophers: helped develop the concept of the “Middle Path” in some sects of Buddhism.

Nagarjuna

Major Ancient Philosophers: was responsible for unifying and establishing the main currents of Hinduism, a henotheistic religion.

Adi Shankara

Major Ancient Philosophers: is a staunch humanist that stresses the importance of family and social harmony

Confucius

Major Ancient Philosophers: He believed that perfection could be achieved by following “the way” spiritually.

Laozi

Which statement is FALSE about Asian, Science, and Religion.

these movements were also paradigm shifts and did not reach the Western world

Identify The Proponents By using Inductive Reasoning, They proposed that the inferred conclusion is absolute and applies to everything else

John Stuart Mill (1806–1873) Francis Bacon (1561–1626)

Identify The Proponents. By using The Problem of Induction, He proposed that The problem with inductive reasoning is that "not all conclusions can be considered as general truths.

David Hume (1711–1776)

Identify The Proponents. By Hypothetico-deductive method, He proposed that Conclusions can only be determined through rigorous experimentation, implying the importance of quantitative data. The hypothesis has more bearing in the pursuit of knowledge.

Karl Hempel (1905–1997)

Identify The Proponents. By using The Bayesian Confirmation Theory, He proposed that it is a quantitative form of confirmation that provides numerical support to the hypothesis rather than stating outright that the hypothesis is correct.

Rev. Thomas Bayes (c. 1701–1761)

Identify The Proponents. By using Epistemological Anarchism, He proposed that There is no scientific method. The essence of science is that "anything goes."

Paul Feyerabend (1924– 1994)

Identify The Scientific Methods What Scientific Method did Karl Popper (1902–1994) use in order to create this justification: "Observations are required to formulate a problem to further solidify the existence of the hypothesis. However, by concluding something to be true -- even before being tested on, the hypothesis becomes irrelevant because the outcome is fixed."

Deductive Reasoning

Identify The Scientific Methods What Scientific Method did Karl Popper (1902–1994) used in order to create this justification: "In support of the deductive reasoning, falsifying the experiment's outcome means that the hypothesis proposed is also false."

Falsificationism

Identify The Proponents. By Testing Scientific Theories, This book seeks to justify why theories have to be tested for confirmation, as well as deconstruct how the various models of confirmation theories are similar in some ways

John Earman (1942– present)