denies that moral judgments are either true or false. It claims that ethical sentences do not convey authentic propositions, hence are neither true nor false.

Non-Cognitivism

It is the most popular form of non-cognitivist theory. It submits that moral judgments are mere expressions of our emotions and feelings.

Emotivism

Also called 'moral objectivism,' it claims that a universal ethic exists and that this applies to all similarly situated persons, regardless on nationality, citizenship, culture, race, gender, sexual preference, religion, or any other differentiating factor.

Moral Universalism

on the other hand, submits that different moral facts and principles apply to different persons or group of individuals

Moral Relativism

is a meta-ethical stance which states that moral facts are known through observation and experience

Moral Empiricism

contends that moral facts and principles are knowable a priori, that is, by reason alone and without reference to experience.

Moral Rationalism

submits that moral truths are knowable by intuition, that is, by immediate, instinctive knowledge without reference to any evidence.

Moral Intuitionism

is the branch of ethics that studies how man ought to act, morally speaking. As the name suggests, it examines ethical norms, that is, those guidelines about what is right, worthwhile, virtuous, or just.

Normative Ethics

This system equates behaving morally with adherence to duties or moral rules and acting immorally with failure to obey them. Also called non-consequentialism, the system's principles are submitted as obligatory, regardless of the consequences that actions might produce.

Deontology

refers to a moral system that determines the moral value of actions by their outcomes or results.

Teleology

as a moral system, emphasizes developing good habits of character, like kindness and generosity, and avoiding bad character traits, or vices, such as greed or hatred.

Virtue Ethics

philosophically examines specific, controversial moral issues. Using philosophical methods, this area of concern in Ethics attempts to determine the ethically correct course of action in specific realms of human action.

Applied Ethics

This concerns with ethical issues about life, biomedical researches, medicines, health care, and the medical profession.

Bioethics

It deals with moral issues concerning nature, ecosystem, and its nonhuman contents. This includes issues such as animal rights, animal experimentation, endangered species preservation, pollution control, and sustainable development

Environmental Ethics

It examines moral principles concerning the business environment, which involves issues about corporate practices, policies, business behaviors, and the conducts and relationship of individuals in the organizations.

Business Ethics

It studies moral issues about sexuality and human sexual behavior.

Sexual Ethics

It deals with what is right for a society to do and how it should act as a whole. Its focus is on what may be deemed as proper behavior for people as a whole.

Social Ethics

is a moral philosophy that teaches that an action is right if it is an action that a virtuous person would perform in the same situations.

Virtue Ethics

At least two (2) of Aristotle's works specifically concern morality. They are...

the Eudemian Ethics and the Nicomachean Ethics.

In his philosophy, when someone acts in line with his nature or end ('telos') and thus realizes his full potential, he does moral and will be happy.

Self-realizationism

As such, it focuses on happiness (eudaimonia), or the good for man, and how to obtain it.

eudaimonistic

Whereas act-oriented ethics is focused mainly on what we should do, a virtue ethics is interested basically in what we should be, that is, the character or the sort of person we should struggle to become.

Aretoic

is an Italian philosopher and theologian who ranks among the most important thinkers of the medieval time period.

Thomas Aquinas

refers to the rational plan of God by which all creation is ordered.

Eternal law

is that aspect of the eternal law which is accessible to human reason.

Natural law

This law includes the civil and criminal laws, though only those formulated in the light of practical reason and moral laws. Human laws that are against natural law are not real laws, and people are not obliged to obey those unjust laws.

Human law

It is a law of revelation, disclosed through sacred text or Scriptures and the Church which is also directed toward man's eternal end

Divine law

feelings even serve as obstructions to our discernment of right and wrong. His ethical theory instead bases moral judgments on reason alone. Reason, for him, is what deems an action ethical or otherwise.

Kantian Ethics

in order for a society to be efficacious, government must approach the making and enforcement of laws with the right intentions in respect to the end goals of the society that it governs.

Rights Theory

• The right to life • The right to liberty • The right to pursue happiness • The right to freely practice a religion of choice Are examples of?

Rights Based Ethics

The concept is "there are some rights, both positive and negative, that all humans have based only on the fact that they are human. These rights can be natural or conventional.

Rights Based Ethics

It denotes all the rights found within existing legal codes. As such, they enjoy the recognition and protection of the law.

Legal rights

in plain contrast, are rights that exist prior to and independently from their legal counterparts.

Moral rights

Two British philosophers who had an immense impact on British thought. And are considered the main proponents of the moral theory called Utilitarianism.

Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill

proposes that actions, rules, or policies should be ethically measured and evaluated by their consequences, not by the intentions or motives of the agent.

Consequentialist ethics

Derived from the Latin term utilis which means 'useful,'. It basically states that what is useful is good, and that the moral values of actions are determined by the utility of its consequences.

Utilitarianism

the principle of utility is applied directly to every alternative act in a situation of choice. The right act is then defined as the one which brings about the best results, or, the least amount of bad results.

Act Utilitarianism

The principle of utility is used to decide the validity of rules of conduct (moral standards or principles).

Rule Utilitarianism

everybody has the same basic liberties which can never be taken away. This first principle is very Kantian in that it provides for basic and universal respect for individuals as a minimum standard for all just institutions.

Rawls' first principle

recognizes that a society could not avoid inequalities among its people.

Rawls' second principle

This concept basically concerns the nature of a socially just allocation of goods in a society

Distributive Justice

Members' outcomes should be based upon their inputs.

Equity

Regardless of their inputs, all group members should be given an equal share of the rewards/costs.

Equality

Those with more authority, status, or control over the group should receive more than those in lower level positions

Power

These individuals should be given more resources than those who already possess them, regardless of their input.

Need

Group members who have the most should share their resources with those who have less.

Responsibility