Which of the commensal gastrointestinal bacteria shows the greatest degree of resistance even to Vancomycin, making treatment of infections caused by them increasingly difficult? A. Staphylococcus aureus B. Enterococcus faecallis C. Enterococcus faecium D. Escherichia coli

Gram-positive microbes will retain which of the following dyes giving it its classification? A. Sarranin B. crystal violet C. Malachite green D. Yellow

Gram-negative microbes will appear as which color alter final staining? A. Purpie or olue B. Red or pink C. Bright green D. Yellow or tan

What is the term for a deep, ulcerative infection and possible complication of bullous impetigo that may produce lymphadenitis? A. Folliculitis B. Ecthyma C. Desquamation D. Exfoliation

Which of the following creates a serious elevated risk for delayed development of endocarditis and abscess formation from Staphylococcus epidermidis? A. Insertion of a cardiac pacemaker B. Intraoperative bladder catheterization C. Implanted heart valve D. Intubation for general anesthesia

Which of the following is NOT a category of infective endocarditis? A. Bullous B. Native valve C. Prosthetic valve D. IV drug abuse

The presence of large amounts of which of the following is responsible for the signs and symptoms seen in toxic shock syndrome? A. Pus B. Bacteriophages C. Cytokines D. Exudate

Use of specialized suspensions for bacterial cultures is used to determine which of the following critical factors for initiation of effective drug therapy? A. Generation time B. Antibiotic sensitivity C. Mode of transmission D. Virulence potential

In which type of disfiguring streptococcal infection might hyperbaric oxygen therapy be required following debridement of devitalized tissues? A. hiswers. B. Pneumonia C. Otitis media D. Meningitis E. Necrotizing fascititis

What is the term for constant excitatory synaptic activity caused by tetanus toxins? A. Spastic paralysis B. Diaphragmatic paralysis C. Flaccid muscle weakness D. Blurred vision

Bacillus cereus is only able to be cultured on a grown medium prepared with which of the following? A.Blood B. Phenylethyl alcohol C. Rice grains D. Mannitol Salt

What is produced by some species of Lactobacillus normally found in the vagina which may play a role in inhibiting transmission of HIV? A. Glycogen B. Lactic acid C. Antibiotics D. bacterocins

The fatal infection tetanus neonatorum involves which part of the newborn infant's anatomy? A. Gastrointestinal system B. Facial muscles C. Spinal column D. Umbilical stump

Alpha, beta, and enterotoxins are released from which species of Clostridium and cause extensive hemolysis and hemorrhage? A. septicum B. botulinum C. perfringens D. tetant

Dented or bulging canned foods may be a potential indication of which pathogen? A. Cellulius B. Anthrax C. Botulism D. leranus

What is the medical term for the chronic back spasm characteristic in tetanus infections? A. Risus sardonicus B. Flaccid paralysis C. Opisthotonos D. Trismus

Which type of Gram-positive bacilli have been used as a form of biological weapon? A. clostridium perringens B. Listeria monocytogenes C. Bacillus anthracis D. bucius cereus

What is the medical term for the disease commonly known as gas gangrene? A. Cellulitis B. Anthrax C. Myonecrosis D. Botulism

What is the more scientific name for the anthrax infection commonly referred to as wool-sorters' disease seen in farm workers involved in animal tanning processes? A. injection anthrax B. Gastrointestinal anthrax C. Cutaneous anthrax D. inhalation anthrax

Which of the following is the most contagious stage of leprosy in which the major signs of tissue destruction become apparent? A. Exposure B. Lepromatous C. Indeterminate D. Tuberculoid

Which type of lesion with a grayish membrane frequently develops subsequent to papules from cutaneous diphtheria infection? A. Pimple B. Granule C. Ulcer D. Blister

In which type of isolation room would a patient with active tuberculosis be kept reducing potential for airborne transmission to others? A. Positive pressure B. Vacuum state C. Negative pressure D. High humidity

Hansen's disease is also known as which of the following? A. Nocardiosis B. Leprosy C. Diptheria D. Tuberculosis

Which name describes the type of vaccine preparation given for combined prevention of tetanus, diphtheria, and pertussis? A. Univalent B. bivalent C. Trivalent D. Quadrivalent

Which of the following is NOT a visible characteristic seen when viewing Corynebacterium diphtheriae bacteria under the microscope? A. Bubbling B. jerking motion C. Chinese letters D. V-shaped bacilli

Which scientific pioneer was first to discover Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1882? A. Ignaz Semmelweis B. Edward Jenner C. Joseph Lister D. Robert koch

Which genus has multiple species that are collectively referred to diphtheroids? A. Streptomyces B. Nocardia C. Corynebacterium D. Mycobacterium

Which distinct appearance is seen in cultures of Actinomyces bovis, the bacteria that cause "lumpy jaw' infection in animals and humans? A. Domed mushroom B. Diplococcal C. Dust bunny D. Double helix

Which of the following is a diagnostic test involves injection of a purified protein derivative in the intradermal space? A. Bacille Calmette-Guerin B. Chest x-ray C. Mantoux test D. Sputum analysis

Interferon-Gamma Release Assays are whole-blood tests used for diagnosis of which type of infection? A. Diphtheria B. Tuberculosis C. Actinomycosis D. Hansen's disease

Chronic bone and bone marrow infections are most commonly caused by which of the following? A. Streptococcus pneumoniae B.Staphylococcus aureus C. Streptococcus pyogenes D. Staphylococcus lugdunensis

Which microbial morphological shape or form appears as a cube-shaped group of spherical cells? A.Spherical B. Sarcinae C. Rod-shaped D. Round

Which group of bacteria demonstrate the highest intrinsic antibiotic resistance to vancomycin? A. Group A streptococci B. Viridans group streptococci C. Group B streptococci D. Enterococci

Which of the following are commonly associated with coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) healthcare-associated infections? A.Sterilized surgical instruments B. Indwelling catheters C. External defibrillators D. Antibiotics

Which of the following are small, rounded, nodules in the lungs that develop from exudative lesions as seen in TB infections? A. Tubercles B. Abscesses C. Geosmins D. Sporophores

Which of the following streptococcal species is NOT a part of the heterogenous Viridans streptococcal group? A. S. mutans B. S. anginosus C. S. aureus D. S. mitis

Which of the following is NOT a complication of diphtheria infection? A. Airway obstruction B. Myocarditis C. Cartilage and bone destruction D. Polyneuropathy

Which term describes an illness or adverse effect caused by a medical treatment or interaction with a healthcare provider as in cases of botulinum toxin injection? A. Hemolytic B. Bactericidal C. Emetic D. latrogenic

Which of the following diseases has developed drug-resistant forms that require long-term and expensive antibiotic therapy? A. Diphtheria B. Hansen's disease C. Nocardiosis D. Tuberculosis

Infection by which species of pathogen might require a newer treatment modality of fecal transplantation from a healthy donor to a chronically infected and debilitated patient? A. Listeria B. Clostridium C. Clostridioides D. Bacillus

What are Diphtheroid? A. refers to a type of virus that infects the respiratory tract of humans B. refers to a genus of protozoa responsible for malaria transmission C. refers to a group of bacteria in the genus Corynebacterium, which includes Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the causative agent of diphtheria. Club or V-shaped bacilli D. refers to a group of fungi that cause superficial skin infections

What are the strains of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae (C. diphtheria)? A. Fever, sore throat, weakness, swollen lymph nodes in neck "bull neck" B. When stained with methylene blue, has granules but so do many species. What identifies them is an exhibiting jerk motion that arranges them into patterns resembling Chinese letters C. (All strains invade the respiratory tract) 3 strains, gravis, intermedius, and mitis. Gravis is the most virulent strain. D. its isolates used to manufacture several medications like anti-infective and anti-cancer (antibiotics)

Mycobacterium has a very distinct cell wall with what type of appearance? A. Fatty B. Oily C. Waxy D. Coarse

The trivalent vaccine given to infants is effective against what diseases? A. Measles, Mumps, and Rubella B. Tetanus, Diphtheria, and Pertussis C. Smallpox D. Varicella

Define the Mantoux test. A. involves the use of a chest x-ray to detect lung lesions. B. involves the collection of a sputum sample for acid-fast staining. C. involves the injection of purified protein derivative into the intradermal space. D. involves the measurement of antibodies in the blood serum.

What is the most accurate TB skin test? A. Western blot B. Pulse oximetry C. Chest radiograph D. Mantoux test

What are Streptomyces used for? A. they are used to break down petroleum products in oil spills B. its spores are primarily used as a biological weapon due to their high toxicity C. they are used to ferment dairy products like yogurt and cheese D. its isolates used to manufacture several medications like anti-infective and anti-cancer (antibiotics)

Hansen's disease is also known as? A. Rabies B. Polio C. Diphtheria D. Leprosy

How are Corynebacterium diphtheriae easily identified? A. (All strains invade the respiratory tract) 3 strains, gravis, intermedius, and mitis. Gravis is the most virulent strain. B. In isolation rooms under negative pressure to prevent the spread of airborne bacteria C. When stained with methylene blue, has granules but so do many species. What identifies them is an exhibiting jerk motion that arranges them into patterns resembling Chinese letters D. its isolates used to manufacture several medications like anti-infective and anti-cancer (antibiotics)

What is the most contagious stage of leprosy? A. Causes "lumpy jaw" in cattle due to destruction of cattle jaw bones and soft tissue B. Mantoux test C. Waxy D. The lepromatous stage

Who and when discovered Mycobacterium Tuberculosis? A. Edward Jenner, 1796 B. Alexander Fleming, 1928 C. Louis Pasteur, 1864 D. Robert Koch, 1882

What is the appearance of Actinomyces bovis? A. A yeast-like fungus with a thick capsule And a yeast-like morphology B. Not a fungal infection. "Dust bunny" appearance Gram-positive rod shaped bacteria C. A Gram-negative coccus that appears in clusters resembling grapes D. A spirochete that appears as a tightly coiled spiral in dark-field microscopy

In what conditions are patients with active tuberculosis (TB) kept in? A. In open-air wards to maximize ventilation and sunlight exposure B. In isolation rooms under negative pressure to prevent the spread of airborne bacteria C. In standard hospital rooms with positive pressure to protect the patient D. In quarantine facilities with no contact with healthcare workers

Those affected with leonine symptoms have the appearance of what? A. Elephant B. Tiger C. Horse D. Lion

Define Cutaneous Diphtheria A. involves the injection of purified protein derivative into the intradermal space. B. its isolates used to manufacture several medications like anti-infective and anti-cancer (antibiotics) C. When stained with methylene blue, has granules but so do many species. What identifies them is an exhibiting jerk motion that arranges them into patterns resembling Chinese letters D. Transmit by direct contact with skin lesions Papule first develops and then progress to ulcer characterized by grayish-colored membrane

How many types of TB lesions are there? A. 3 B. 5 C. 2 D. 6

What does Actinomyces bovis cause? A. causes "lumpy jaw" in cattle due to destruction of cattle jaw bones and soft tissue B. causes a gastrointestinal illness characterized by diarrhea and vomiting in swine C. causes a chronic skin condition called ringworm in domestic pets D. causes a severe respiratory infection known as pneumonia in sheep and goats

What are the symptoms of Corynebacterium Diphtheriae (C. diphtheria)? A. High fever, chills, cough, and chest pain B. Skin rash, joint pain, and fatigue C. Fever, sore throat, weakness, swollen lymph nodes in neck "bull neck" D. Severe abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea

Which species of Viridans group streptococci are responsible for more than half of all bacterial endocarditis infections? A. S. mutans B. S. bovis C. S. anginosus D. S . sanguinis

Which disease causes extensive destruction of skin, bone, and cartilage, resulting in disfigurement or need for amputation of digits? A. Lepromatous leprosy B. Latent tuberculosis C. Tuberculoid leprosy D. Active tuberculosis

Which of the following non-diphtherial species are referred to collectively as the diphtheroids? A. Nocardia B. Actinomyces C. Corynebacterium D. Mycobacterium

Individuals with which of the following have no signs or symptoms of the disease and are not contagious? A. TB disease B. Diphtheria C. Latent TB D. Nocardiosis

Which group of bacteria demonstrate the highest intrinsic antibiotic resistance to vancomycin? A. Viridans group streptococci B. Enterococci C. Group A streptococci D. Group B streptococci

Which bacterial species is a group B streptococcus (GBS) and part of the normal microbial populations of the vagina, gastrointestinal tract, and respiratory system? A. Streptococcus pyogenes B. Streptococcus pneumoniae C. Streptococcus viridans D. Streptococcus agalactiae

Which pioneer in microbiology was the first to prove that the anthrax spores that caused disease in humans was the same as those in diseased animals? A. Pasteur B. Koch C. Lister D. Jenner

Which of the following is a slow-growing bacterial or fungal infection involving the subcutaneous tissues most commonly of the foot or leg? A. Ghon complex B. Granuloma C. Mycetoma D. Saprophyte

Which animal is known to be a carrier of Mycobacterium leprae, although are considered low-risk for transmitting infection to humans? A. Cows B. Sheep C. Armadillos D. Aardvarks (ant eaters)

Which of the following species is responsible for a serious, sometimes fatal healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) spread primarily by lack of proper hand hygiene? A. Clostridium pyogenes B. Listeria monocytogenes C. Clostridioides difficile D. Bacillus cereus

Which spore-forming bacteria cause gastroenteritis symptoms of vomiting due to emetic toxins and severe diarrhea due to enterotoxins that have cytotoxic effects? A. Clostridium perfringens B. Bacillus cereus C. Bacillus anthracis D. Clostridium botulinum

Papules that progress to ulcers with a grayish-colored membrane covering after a break in the skin are signs of which type of infection? A. Tuberculoid leprosy B. Respiratory diphtheria C. Cutaneous diphtheria D. Lepromatous leprosy

Which pleomorphic bacillus has distinctive identifying features of jerking motion and cellular arrangements resembling Chinese letters just after cell division? A. Mycobacterium B. Streptomyces C. Corynebacterium D. Nocardia

Which term describes a thick gray bacterial layer that develops from the fibrin network a few days after initial respiratory diphtheria infection, that covers and coats upper respiratory tract structures? A. Biofilm B. Ghon complex C. Pseudomembrane D. Granuloma

Individuals infected with Corynebacterium diphtheriae may have a “bull neck” appearance due to the pronounced inflammation of which anatomical structures? A. Veins B. Lymph nodes C. Arteries D. Capillaries

Which term describes proteinaceous toxins produced by some species of bacteria including Lactobacillus, that are protective defenses that inhibit growth of similar types of bacteria? A. Endosomes B. Bacteriocins C. Sporulates D. Hemolysins

Which term describes the organic compounds that give the characteristic smell of wet soil or “earthy” flavor of some foods? A. Lepromatous lesions B. Mycolic acids C. Filaments D. Geosmins