問題一覧
1
What is the collection of all chemical reactions that occur in the body?
Metabolism
2
What are the two types of metabolic reactions?
Anabolism and catabolism
3
What are proteins that speed up chemical reactions?
Enzymes
4
What are metabolic pathways (sequence of enzyme-controlled reactions) often controlled by?
Rate-limiting enzyme
5
What is the energy currency in cells?
ATP
6
What is an organelle (specific structure within a cell) that is also called as the "powerhouse of the cell", makes energy from nutrients, have some of their own DNA, and that has two layers (more surface area for making ATP)?
Mitochondria
7
What is a complex organic substance present in living cells, especially DNA or RNA, whose molecules consist of many nucleotides (foundational, building blocks of organisms) linked in a long chain?
Nucleic acids
8
What is a nucleic acid made of ribose and is single stranded?
RNA
9
What is made of deoxyribose and is double stranded (helix) with hydrogen bonds?
DNA
10
The process of DNA to protein: 1. ___ and ___ in the nucleus. 2. ___ in the cytosol (internal fluid of the cell, and a part of cell metabolism occurs here)., facilitated by ___ on the rough ER.
Replication, transcription, translation, ribosomes
11
What is the classifying term for skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands called?
Integumentary
12
What is the stratified squamous epithelium; the superficial layer of the skin called?
Epidermis
13
What is the layer below the epidermis composed of connective tissues?
Dermis
14
What is also known as the hypodermis or superficial fascia, which is the layer of tissue that underlies the skin?
Subcutaneous layer
15
The outer layer of the skin (epidermis) is stratified squamous epithelium. As the older cells are pushed outward, they accumulate proteins called ___, then harden and die. This "___" produces a covering of dry, tough, protective material that prevents water and other substances from escaping from underlying tissues and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering.
Keratins, keratinization
16
What are the phagocytes in the epidermis that immunes protection?
Dendritic cells
17
What cells correspond with a nerve and are responsive to light pressure ?
Tactile cells
18
What cells contain organelles called melanosomes and produces melanin in the epidermis?
Melanocytes
19
What cells absorbs UV radiation from sunlight?
Melanin
20
What is the name of a skin condition in which cells of the stratum spinosum divide out of control, and which accumulates in the epidermis?
Squamous cell carcinoma
21
What is the skin condition in which melanocyte cells divide out of control, which originates in a mole or a birthmark, and accumulates in epidermis which causes pigmented tumors?
Malignant melanoma
22
What is the "ABCDE" rule that provides a checklist for melanoma?
Asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution
23
What determines your skin color besides tanning, diversity, blood cell pigments, and disease?
Oxygen, diet
24
What are the three accessory structures that derives from the epidermis?
Nails, hair, glands
25
What is the tube-like depression with specialized cells that give rise to a hair?
Hair follicle
26
What is the smooth muscle attached to a hair follicle?
Arrector pili muscle
27
Where is the region of progenitor cells (descendants of stem cells that then further differentiate to create specialized cell types)?
Hair root
28
What are the sweat glands that help regulate body temperature and are located on the forehead, neck, and back?
Merocrine sweat glands
29
What are the sweat glands that activate during puberty and have ducts that open into hair follicles?
Apocrine sweat glands
30
___ -rigid structure. ___ -soft, cushions the joints. ___ -attach bone to bone. ___ -attach muscle to bone.
Bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons
31
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h.
Diaphysis, medullary cavity, endosteum, yellow marrow, red marrow, epiphyseal plates, articular cartilage, periosteum
32
a. b. c. d. e. f.
Canaliculus, osteocyte, lacuna, osteon, central canal, trabeculae
33
What are the rings of the extracellular matrix surrounding the central canal?
Lamellae
34
What are the three cells of bone tissue?
Osteocyte, osteoblast, osteoclast
35
How do bones grow?
Ossification
36
___ ___ is a process that forms flat bones.
Intramembranous ossification
37
The soft parts of the newborn baby’s skull are known as ___.
Fontanelles
38
___ ___ occurs in the long bones around the 6th embryonic week.
Endochondral ossification
39
What influences bone growth other than vitamin D, A, C, and K and exposure to sunlight?
Hormonal secretions
40
What is the enlargement or increase in the size of an organ or tissue due to the growth and expansion of its constituent cells in response to specific stimuli or conditions?
Hypertrophy
41
What is a decrease in size of an organ or tissue; wasting?
Atrophy
42
What is the production of blood cells and platelets, which occurs in the bone marrow?
Hematopoiesis
43
Bones as a reservoir of ___.
Calcium
44
What occurs when the balance shifts I. favor of bone loss, especially in women past menopause, due to hormonal changes?
Osteoporosis
45
a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w.
a. cranium b. face c. clavicle d. scapula e. sternum f. humerus g. hip bone h. radius i. ulna j. patella k. tibia l. fibula m. tarsals n. metatarsals o. phalanges p. hyoid bone q. vertebral column r. carpals s. metacarpals t. vertebral column u. sacrum v. coccyx w. phalanges
46
What is the joint with the following characteristics? -no movements -dense connective tissue holding bones together -bones in close contact -bones in skull, tibia and fibula in leg
Fibrous
47
What is the joint that are made of cartilage that connects bones?
Cartilaginous
48
What is the joint with the following characteristics: -most of our joints -more complex -some cartilage
Synovial
49
What is a small gland in the skin which secretes a lubricating oily matter (sebum) into the hair follicles to lubricate the skin and hai?
Sebaceous