Properties of synapses: 1) two-way conduction of excitation 2) one-way conduction of excitation 3) synaptic delay 4) high rate of excitation conduction 5) high fatigue 6) ability to summation of excitations

On the postsynaptic membrane under the influence of an excitatory mediator happens:

The selective effect of curare on the myoneural synapse is explained by: 1) action on the presynaptic membrane 2) action on the postsynaptic membrane 3) paralyzed the motor nerve endings in the muscle 4) action on synaptic cleft 5) stimulation of local response to spike response.

At the closing of electrical circuit at the development of physiological catelectrotonus occurs:

Subnormal phase of action potential is related to:

How is an excitability of tissues under cathode and anode at prolonged action of direct electrical current changed?

Physiological characteristics of excitable tissue, reflecting its ability to reproduce the maximum number of impulses per unit of time, is called:

White muscle fibers have the following peculiarities: 1) lack of myoglobin 2) low glycogen reserve 3) is able to the powerful contraction 4) is unable to the powerful contraction 5) practical indefatigability 6) rapid (phase) activity

Smooth muscles compared to skeletal muscles possess: 1) high excitability 2) plasticity 3) high sensitivity to chemicals 4) high lability 5) rapid fatigue

Muscle fatigue is explained by: 1) increasing the rate of excitation transmission along the nerve 2) accumulation of metabolism substances 3) increasing of cholinesterase activity 4) exhaustion of Ca++ depot 5) accumulation of energy resource 6) exhaustion of energy resource

The motor unit is:

Comparison: 1) contraction of the muscles is a result of stimulation by number of superthreshold impulses each of which acts at the phase of relaxation is called: 2) contraction of the muscles is a result of stimulation by number of superthreshold impulses each of which acts at the phase of contraction is called: a) denticulated tetanus b) smooth tetanus c) optimum of contraction d) pessimum of contraction

Comparison: 1) the mechanism of the pessimum is due to the duration: 2) the mechanism of the optimum is due to the duration: a) phases of supernormal excitability b) absolute refractory phase of excitable tissue c) phases of subnormal excitability d) relative refractory phase of excitable tissue

Skeletal muscles perform the function of: 1) moving the body in space 2) ensuring the tone of blood vessels 3) evacuation of chyme in the digestive tract 4) maintaining posture 5) anti-gravity

Comparison: 1) fast phasic movements are provided by muscle fibers: 2) slow tonic movements are provided by muscle fibers: a) intrafusal b) red c) white

Comparison: 1) intrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by motoneurons: 2) extrafusal muscle fibers are innervated by motoneurons: a) alpha b) beta c) gamma

What are the laws of excitation transmission in the nerve and muscle fibers? 1) anatomical and physiological safety of fiber 2) two-way conduction of impulses 3) polar rule of excitation 4) physiological electrotone 5) isolated conduction of impulses 6) Pfluger’s rule of muscle contraction

The various velocity of transmission of excitation along nerve fibers is determined by:

What is a role of Aγ type of fibers?

In myelinated nerve fiber, the isolating and trophic function is performed by:

What processes are caused by the mediator of the inhibitory neuron, as a rule, on the postsynaptic membrane?

Postsynaptic inhibition occurs when:

Somatic spinal reflexes are:

Comparison: 1) somatic spinal reflexes: 2) vegetative spinal reflexes: a) plantar b) urination c) tendon d) erection e) ejaculation

The main bulbar reflexes: 1) swallowing 2) postures 3) anal 4) coughing 5) statokinetic 6) stretching

The transformation of the rhythm of excitation occurs when:

Evoked potential is:

Comparison: 1) anterior quadriceps of the corpora quadrigemina 2) posterior quadriceps of the corpora quadrigemina 3) substantia nigra a) regulation of emotional behaviour b) lodges the dopamine-containing neurons c) are the primary auditory centers d) are the primary optic centers e) sends axons to the nuclei of the corpus striatum

Reflexes ensuring the return of the body from an unnatural position to a normal one is called:

Reflexes evoked by movement of the body is called:

Choose: Dopaminergic neurons are concentrated mainly in: 1) hindbrain 2) red nucleus of the midbrain 3) substantia nigra of the midbrain 4) cerebellum 5) caudate nucleus of the striopallidar system 6) reticular formation

Spinal shock is observed when the complete transection of the spinal cord is performed:

Animals with decerebrate rigidity are not characterized by:

During deep sleep the waves dominate on the electroencephalogram

In which nuclei of diencephalon, the higher centers of the sympathetic nervous system are situated?

Spatial summation of impulses is provided by:

Center located in the hypothalamus:

What is the function of recurrent inhibition?

Efferent pathways of the spinal cord: 1) Goll 2) pyramidal 3) Burdach 4) rubrospinal 5) spinothalamic 6) tectospinal

Postganglionic sympathetic nerves are:

Features of the parasympathetic nervous system: 1) reduce the intensity of metabolism 2) branches are located in the walls of internal organs that have motor activity 3) transmission of excitation is mainly due to ATP and adenosine 4) preganglionary fibers are long 5) postganglionar fibers are short

Comparison: 1) muscarinic cholinergic receptors are in: 2) nicotihic cholinergic receptors are in: a) autonomic ganglia of the parasympathetic nervous system b) smooth muscles of the bronchi c) smooth muscles of the gastrointestinal tract d) autonomic ganglia of the sympathetic nervous system e) myoneural synapses of skeletal muscles

The main differences between the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic: 1) preganglionic fibers are short 2) postganglionic fibers are long 3) short-term effect of action 4) long-term effect of action 5) rapid start of the effect from the beginning of irritation 6) delayed effect from the start of irritation 7) intramural location of ganglia

The vegetative reflexes are: 1) statokinetic 2) oculocardiac 3) respiratory-cardiac 4) myostatic 5) ortostatic reactions 6) skin dermographism

The strengthening of the tone of the parasympathetic centers leads to: 1) weakening of cardiac activity 2) stimulation of cardiac activity 3) lowering blood pressure 4) increased blood pressure 5) increased gastric secretion 6) reducing the intensity of metabolism 7) increase the intensity of metabolism

In which nuclei of diencephalon, the centers of parasympathetic nervous system are situated?

What physiological properties distinguish the autonomic nervous system from the somatic nervous system?

Stimulation of which nuclei of hypothalamus provokes the decreasing of the arterial pressure?

Thyrocalcitonin has the effect: 1) inhibits the function of osteoclasts 2) activates the osteoblasts 3) enhances the functions of osteoblasts 4) promotes the entry of Ca++ into the bone 5) decreases the blood content of calcium

The activity of the adenohypophysis is regulated by: 1) hypothalamus 2) thalamus 3) basal ganglia 4) statins 5) liberin 6) striopallidar system

Parathyroid hormone has the effect: 1) inhibits the function of osteoclasts 2) increases tubular reabsorption of calcium 3) enhances the functions of osteoblasts 4) promotes the entry of Ca++ into the bone 5) diminishes phosphate reabsorption

Calcium-phosphorus metabolism is regulated: 1) glucagon 2) thymosin 3) calcitonin 4) adrenaline 5) insulin 6) parathormone

At hypofunction of the pancreas occurs: 1) glucosuria 2) hypoglycemia 3) adipsia 4) polyuria 5) uremia 6) polydipsia

Comparison: 1) to reduce the level of insulin is characteristic: 2) to increase the level of insulin is characteristic: a) glucosuria b) lowering of body temperature c) polyuria d) hyperglycemia e) seizures

Insufficient content of thyroid hormones in the body is a consequence of the lesion: 1) thalamus 2) hypothalamus 3) pituitary gland 4) epiphysis 5) parathyroid glands 6) thyroid gland

Hypophysial control of testosterone secretion is provided by hormones:

In human blood, almost all the effects of testosterone result from increased rate of:

The formation and release of glucocorticoids regulates the hormone:

The hormone participates in the adaptation of the body to a stressful situation:

Characteristics of the Addison disease: 1) bronze color of skin 2) tachycardia 3) inhibition of cardiac activity 4) polyurea 5) astenia 6) polydipsia

The effects of thyroxine on fat metabolism:

The effect of parathyroid hormone on bone tissue:

The effect of insulin on carbohydrate metabolism: 1) increases the permeability of the muscle cell membrane for glucose 2) promotes the breakdown of glycogen 3) increases the permeability of the fat cell membrane for glucose 4) promotes the absorption of glucose 5) promotes the synthesis of glucose in the liver 6) prevents glucose reabsorption in the kidneys

Mineralocorticoids contribute to: 1) sodium retention in the body 2) deposition of potassium in the depot 3) potassium reabsorption in the renal tubules 4) increased excretion of potassium in the urine 5) increase the excretion of sodium in the urine 6) do not affect sodium-potassium metabolism

The triiodothyronine and tetraiodothyronine promote: 1) deceleration of the growth and development 2) increase the rate of metabolism 3) increase the osmotic resistance of the cells 4) increase the heat production 5) depression the metabolic processes 6) inhibit the lipolysis processes of tissues 7) increase the growth and development processes

Functions of the thyroid hormones: 1) controls the heat irradiation 2) controls the heat production 3) controls the normal function of respiratory centre 4) inhibits the water and electrolyte metabolism 5) controls the rate of oxygen absorption by the tissues 6) decrease of number of β-adrenoreceptors in the cardiac muscle

At hyperthyroidism the followings are observed: 1) exophthalmos 2) cretinism 3) myxedema 4) increase of basal metabolism 5) decrease in body weight 6) endemic goiter

Lutropin in the adenohypophysis: 1) suppresses the ovulation 2) stimulates the ovulation 3) depresses the maturation 4) stimulates the maturation 5) inhibits the testosterone secretion

Main functions of lutropin: 1) accelerates the proliferation of mammary gland 2) accelerates the production of yellow body 3) accelerates the ovulation 4) promotes the antistress effect 5) increases the sexual hormones

The action of vasopressin is: 1) controls the rate of water excretion into the urine 2) inhibition of hyaluronidase secretion 3) helps to control concentration of water in the body fluids 4) inhibition of corticotropin and somatotropin secretion 5) participation in control the arterial pressure 6) decrease of pain sensitivity

Functions of glucocorticoids: 1) increase the protein catabolism 2) stimulate the synthesis of protein 3) increase the lipolysis 4) inhibit the lipolysis 5) have the anti-inflammatory effect 6) inhibit the hypokalemia

Estrogen causes effects: 1) increases osteoblastic activity анаболическое 2) inhibits the follicle-stimulating hormone secretion 3) stimulates the follicle-stimulating hormone secretion 4) inhibits the luteinising hormone secretion 5) stimulates the luteinising hormone secretion

Comparison: 1) Graves' disease is characterized by: 2) myxedema is characterized by: a) bradycardia b) decreased metabolism c) tremor of the hands d) tachycardia e) decreased heat production

Comparison: 1) morphogenetic effects 2) kinetic effects 3) correcting effects a) secreted by specific endocrine glands b) changing the intensity of function of organs and tissues c) starting certain activity of executive organs aannaabboolliic d) stimulation of morphologic structures formation

Hormones of adenohypophysis: 1) adrenocorticotropic 2) oxytocin 3) melatonin 4) vasopressin 5) somatotropic 6) thyrotropin

Functions of progesterone: 1) increases the contractility of uterine muscles 2) decreases the contractility of uterine muscles 3) stimulates development of mammary glands at pregnancy 4) accelerates the ovulation at pregnancy 5) increases secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone

Comparison: Refractive error: 1) aberration 2) astigmatism 3) presbyopia a) unequal refraction of light rays by the lens b) gradual loss of elasticity of the lens with age c) unequal refraction of light rays in different directions

Comparison: 1) myosis occurs due to: 2) mydriasis occurs due to: a) relaxation of the circular muscle of the iris b) contractions of the circular iris muscle c) contractions of the radial iris muscle d) relaxation of the radial muscle of the iris

Binocular vision is:

The presbyopia is a result of:

Comparison: 1) according to Weber's law anabolic 2) according to the Weber-Fechner law a) the increase of stimulus in order to be perceptible must exceed the stimulus already acting by a definite proportion b) the ratio of the initial irritation to the maximum perceptible increase in irritation is a relative value c) the sensation decreases in proportion to the logarithm of the intensity of the irritation d) gradations of stimulus strength are discriminated approximately in proportion to the logarithm of stimulus strength

Organ of Corti is situated on:

Hair of auditory receptor cells is embedded in the membrane:

At action of sounds of high frequency the amplitude maximum of the cochlea basilar membrane is located close to:

Adjustment of the eye to clear vision of objects at different distances is called:

Senile long-sightedness: 1) lens is larger, thicker 2) power of accomodation more than 14 diopters 3) power of accomodation decreases 4) power of accomodation less than 2 diopters 5) lens is more elastic

Nociceptors are:

The minimum thresholds of spatial perception of tactile sensitivity on the human body are: 1) fingertips 2) shins 3) lips 4) back 5) shoulders

Receptors of olfactory analyzer mainly are situated in:

Which thermoreceptors number is more?

Accommodation is:

Acuity of hearing is measured by: 1) sound generators 2) esthesiometer 3) determination the pitch and intensity of sounds 4) skin galvanometer 5) audiometers 6) electroencephalography

What is hypermetropia?

Mydriasis of pupil is observed at: 1) contraction of radial muscles 2) contraction of circular muscles 3) hypoxia, asphyxia 4) excitation of sympathetic nervous system 5) excitation of parasympathetic nervous system 6) painful stimulation

The myosis is observed at: 1) contraction of circular muscles 2) relaxation of circular muscles 3) excitation of parasympathetic nervous system 4) contraction of radial muscles 5) strong illumination 6) excitation of sympathetic nervous system

It leads to the formation of hearing sensation: 1) pressure of air on the tympanic membrane 2) transmission of mechanical waves with the help of ear bones 3) excitation of ganglionic cells 4) vibrations of basilar membrane 5) excitation of phonoreceptors 6) excitation of photoreceptors

Unequal refraction of light in different directions is called:

Unequal size of both pupils is called:

The phonoreceptors that perceive high sounds are located: