The study of plant function and behavior

The study of plants internal activities, chemical and physical processes, in response to growth and development, as well as external environment, such as changes in climate, soil, water, nutrient, and presence if pathogens and diseas

What are the biochemical functions

Breaking down of substances for energy metabolism like respiration in mitochondria

Build-up of compounds like biomass production through photosynthesis

Involves the increase in plant size and mass

Comprise the seed germination, flowering, fertilization to produce seeds

These processes are regulated by environmental conditions and hormones

How are plants different from animals

Permanent tissues

Ground tissue

Vascular tissue

Dermal tissue

Tissues in which the cells are undifferentiated, and divided actively throughout the life of the plant

Tissues in which the cells lost the ability to divide further

Three principal tissue system of permanen tissue

Comprises the surface layer of the plant body, derived from the protoderm

Single layer, replaced by periderm in stems and roots of woody plants. Some plants have multiple layers of epidermis

Types of cells in dermal tissues

Waxy layer largely impervious to liquid and gases. Mainly composed of cutin.

When the cutin is oxidized and polymerized on the outer cell surface

When the cutin is impregnated into cell wall

What are the specialized epidermal cells

Balloon-like cells, common in monocots. Function in the rolling or unrolling of leaves in response to water loss or uptake

Irregular shaped mineral depositions of calcium carbonate. Function as internal light scatterers distributing light more evenly inside the leaf

Hair-like structures helps to reduce transpirations, increase solar reflectance, and store compounds that defend the leaves against predation

Stomatal apparatus

Consist of cortex and pith in stems and root, and mesophyll of leaves. Derived from the ground meristem

Principal cell types of ground tissue

Stores carbohydrates produced by plants

Ground tissues towards the interior of the vascular tissue

Layer of the tissue between the vascular tissue and the epidermis

Thin primary cell walls, large central vacoule, prominent nucleus and cytoplasm, oval or round shape

Found in leaves and contains many chloroplast

Lossely packed with air spaces

Found below the epidermis, elongated cells with sytoplasm and irregular cell wall. Provide support for organs such as leaves and flowers

Dead cells that has thick cell wall found in bark, stems, leaf vein. With primary and secondary cell wall impenetrable to waters, gases, and solutes

Tightly packed and complete absence of spaces

Very little protoplast, and no cell organelles. Mechanical strength and protection

What are the sclereids

Short, roughly isodiametric

Somewhat elongated with uneven deposition of secondary walls

Columnar with enlargement st both ends

Branched scleried

Elongated and slender, resembling a fiber

Network of donducting tissues that interconnects all organs, transporting water, minerals, nutrients, organic compounds, and various signaling molecules

Dead tissue that carries with it water and minerals from roots. Present in roots, stems, and leaves. Tubular in shape, with no cross walls. Found at the center of the vascular bhndle

Contributes the bulk of the vascular bundle. Made up of dead cells that are hollow. Cell wall is fhick and made of lignin, consists mainly of tracheid and vessel elements

Elongated, with tapering ends

Tube-like structures, connected from end to end. Present only in angiosperm

Living tissue that carries food and other organic nutrients from leaves. Present in stems, and leaves, and later in roots, fruits, and seeds. Elongated, tubular in shape, with no seive tubes

Found at the outer side of the vascular bundle. Bidirectional flow, contributes a small portion if vascular bundle. Made up of living cells with little cytoplasm and no nucleus

Cell wall is thin and made of cellulose. Consists mainly of seive elements and companion cells

Long and narrow cells connected to form the seive tube

Provide metabolic support to the sieve elements and facilitate the loading and unloading of food materials from source to sink