5 TOURISM PLATFORMS (Jafari 2001)

4 Theory of Advocacy

2 Theory/Element in CAUTIONARY

9 Approaches to Tourism Planning

Related to the concept of Trickle-down Theory

That tourism can be used to generate foreign exchange, create employment, modernize the country, and uplift the conditions of the poor. clean industry, world is able to maintain peace through mutual understanding that is created by tourism. end result of this is “mass tourism”

leave it be” theory when it is left solely to market forces government DOES NOT INTERVENE in terms of policy, plans, regulations, guidelines, codes or standard. an emphasis on the economic returns (profit & taxes) caused the rapid deterioration of many destinations due to abusive and environmental exploitation.

traditional” societies into modern ones. through the transfer of technology, improvement of knowledge and skills, and the adaption of “Western culture”. imported goods and services, more efficient transportation systems, and comfortable lodging facilities. Such upgrading also benefits the local residents. However, This can lead to destruction of heritage-rich places or old buildings in favor of “modern structures”.

any form of economic growth will lead to the improvement of living conditions of all. Everyone benefits from the hotel manager to the cigarette vendor. Related to this theory is the concept of “multiplier effect”, passes hands among the different sectors of the economy.

passes through all sectors of the national economy, stimulating each in turn throughout the process.

minimal government intervention. accepts the idea of government regulation but rejects government competing with the private sector by being a business operator itself. deregulation of the airline industry and the privatization of government- controlled tourism assets.

Views tourism as a bad thing negative effects of mass tourism. Tourism jobs are low-paying and very seasonal. tourists and residents can lead to “xenophobia”, which is excessive & irrational fear/anger toward anythin "foreign”. Tourism pollutes and contributes to the loss of biodiversity. tourism should not be pursued at all.

worsen the “Third World” because the “First World” countries exploit the resources of the latter. Destinations depend on foreign countries for technology know-how satisfy the demands of international tourists. regard international tourism as a form of modern-day colonialism and should not be pursued.

regard international tourism as a form of modern-day colonialism and should not be pursued.

attitudes toward tourism will deteriorate over the destination life cycle. euphoria, apathy, annoyance and finally antagonism as tourism moves from introduction, growth, maturity and decline. something to do with the ability of residents of a destination to tolerate and manage the social effect of visitations. must incorporate measures to prevent brought by the influx of tourists.

negative impacts, but these can be minimized, alternative tourism” (Jafari 1999). refers to low- volume, low impact. 2 sets of what may constitute alternative tourism (oriented to the environment, socially oriented)

holistic perspective; but in terms of underlying structures and functions. mass tourism, when managed properly, may be sustainable when mis- managed, may be unsustainable. neither innately bad nor good. whose principles include the need for education & research, conforms to this platform.

That the main purpose of tourism is to be an agent of positive change and to defend the weak. Forms of tourism that exhibit these principles are accessible tourism (tourism for persons with disabilities).

with no tourism planning at all. Planning may not be seen as necessary when the place has underdeveloped supply and demand, or where visitation rates are so small as to not perceive any impact from it.Tourism may not be seen as a priority industry.

is planning only as the need arises. In this case, planning is done on a piecemeal basis and there is no established tourism agenda at all. is related to issue-based planning, whereby planning is driven by issues that emerge from to time to time.

developed and planned as an integrated system within itself and as part of an overall tourism plan and total development patterns in the area. must be compatible with existing economic activities values of local residents. Practical illustration in the transportation system in the UK, whereby airports, trains and bus lines are within the walking distance s of each other.

positive for economic development maximize tourism revenues through mass tourism. expand tourism physical capacity and conduct heavy international promotion campaigns.

5 Led Development

provide infrastructure, facilities, and amenities to tourist. "Build it and they will come”. people will find their way to it for as long as the attraction is of high quality.

_____ led-approach at the center of the planning and development. 2 types of (*)-led approaches: 1. Central planning approach 2. Devolved planning approach

national level agencies carry out all functions related to tourism planning and development. Tourism can be used by government for political ends. North Korea is an example what planning aproach?

assume control of tourism planning & development for their respective jurisdiction. mandated by Republic Act 7160, known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

opposite of boosterism is low volume, high- yield tourism, which is Scheyvens (2007)

In the Kingdom of Bhutan, tourists are required to spend a high minimum amount of money per day of visit, which eliminates the entry of the budget tourists. they can potentially alter the culture of the Bhutanese if there were no restrictions.

2 Capacity of Environmental Approach

maximum number of people that may visit a tourist destination at the same time, without causing destruction of the physical, economic, socio-cultural environment, and an unacceptable decrease in the quality of visitor’s satisfaction

maximum number oftourists that can fit on a site at any given time and still enable people to move; the number of people that can fit in a site without causing irreversible damage to the environment.”

attempts to delimit the conditions that are deemed ideal for an area and sets up management strategies to achieve the conditions. Unlike the carrying capacity concept, which tries to establish ceiling values, ____tries to set a range (minimum & maximum values) for a given factor in terms of social, ecological, physical and economic impacts which are considered as acceptable.

attempts to delimit the conditions that are deemed ideal for an area and sets up management strategies to achieve the conditions. “a form of sustainable tourism within a natural and cultural heritage area where community participation, protection and management of natural resources, culture and indigenous knowledge and practices, environmental education and ethics as well as economic benefits are fostered and pursued for the enrichment of host communities and satisfaction of visitors. emphasizes the environmental and cultural dimensions of sustainability. planning emphasize the role of stakeholders in the tourism planning process. directing the benefit and control of resources toward the community and other vulnerable groups. the environmental and cultural dimensions of sustainability.

(4) Social Approaches

people at the center of the planning process. each relevant stakeholder has a say in the deliberation and decision-making process. refers to the government at all levels, business owners, non-governmental organizations, religious groups, schools, indigenous people, local resident, etc.

assume control of tourism planning & development for their respective jurisdiction. mandated by Republic Act 7160, known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

assume control of tourism planning & development for their respective jurisdiction. mandated by Republic Act 7160, known as the Local Government Code of 1991.

assume control of tourism planning & development for their respective jurisdiction. mandated by Republic Act 7160, known as the Local Government Code of 1991.