- The most basic pattern of paragraph development. It is used to tell a story and describe an event.

- are considered the very movements within the plot or the narrative that drive the characters forward, be it during the dialogue, or within a scene

Clipped Narration (Shorter) and Paced Narration (Detailed)

- pattern of Development which goes into details about specific object, person or location

- explains not just what something means but also what something is used for, what something does and what something looks like

- looks into factual and scientific characteristics of what is being described as objectively as possible

- a sort of description that the author would normally use to “paint a picture” of how he sees a character, or how he wants the reader to see a character

- divides things into groups

- provides examples and illustrations

- similarities and differences

-involves describing one item first followed by the second item

-involves discussing both items based on each point of comparison

- explains what happens or what results a particular event

- focuses on problem and its solution in a particular area

- convinces readers to agree to an argument or claim about a particular topic.

includes descriptions which create tangible images with details the reader can visualize.

is vague and obscure, and does not bring to mind specific visual images.

is the ability to express the desired message in as few words as possible. Good writers, in other words, use language which is straightforward and to-the-point.

is easily recognized and understood because they use it on a regular basis. By using language that is familiar to the reader, the message is likely to have more impact

choose a language as possible. The more precise and clear one's use of language becomes, the fewer the number of possible interpretations for a message.

a potentially negative message in a positive way,

directs blame and criticism toward the reader, creating defensiveness

one uses should match the formality of the situation and the relationship between the writer and reader. There are two different forms of formal and informal.

is used in “serious” texts and situations — for example, in official documents, books, news reports, articles, business letters or official speeches

is used in everyday conversations and in personal letters.

- the action of writing or printing in capital letters or with an initial capital.

- the marks, such as period, comma, and parentheses, used in writing to separate sentences and their elements and to clarify meaning.

● Used to end a declarative and imperative sentence ● We also use itin making abbreviations.

● It is used to enumerate things in series ● also used in making appositives. ● It is also used to introduce a direct quote.

● It is used to end an interrogative sentence.

● To express an intense emotion

● It is used to emphasize sarcasm ● used in writing a direct quotation or direct speech

It is used to add information and to set off an acronym

•used to introduce a list.. ● It is used to introduce related ideas. ● To separate chapters from verses and hours from minutes and seconds

● It is used to introduce a series ● Also used to join clauses

● To make word contractions ● To make possessives

● Separate the compound numbers in words and compound words ● It also separates some adjectives

● To set off dramatic situation or to set off an explanation ● Separate the compound numbers in words and compound words ● It also separates some adjectives

- add emphasis to a word or phrase. They are also used for certain titles

are shortened forms of words and commonly employed in scientific and technical writing

- are another form of shortened words

•is the information is stated in the text. Readers can see the piece of information stated in the given passage.

•is the information not directly presented in the text.

is the complex connections between a text and various reading materials that add to the meaning and analysis of the text being read.

•It is a powerful writing tool in which a text gain layers of meaning through citation and referencing of other texts usually used by writers and poets.

❑A literary device used in linking text to another text. ❑A non-linear way to present information and is usually accomplished using “links”. ❑Very common in online writings

❑It help readers get informed about a particular word, name, or concept in the text that may be not familiar.

❑Allows the readers to create their own meaning out of the material given to them and learn better associatively.

❑ Text and documents are incorporated to other forms of multimedia such as pictures, sounds, and videos that could stimulate more senses.

❑It allows readers to choose their way of reading the text that speaks to them in the most logical manner individually.

• A statement that the author wants the readers to accept.

• It came from the Latin word “explicitus” which means “to unfold” or “directly stated”. • We use explicit to fully and clearly express something leaving no room for confusion or misinterpretation.

• From the Latin word implicitus which means “to entwine”. • It is only implied, indirectly stated, suggested and not spelled out. • It is more of “showing not telling”.

• Can be proven by steadfast information or data • Inferred from reliable source of information.

• A conclusion made based on both information /evidence and reasoning.

• Depends on existing policy, rule, or law. • Posits that specific action should be chosen as solution to a particular problem • Begins with “should,” “ought to,” or “must.

• statement about the real world reinforced by reliable evidence • can express explicit or obvious information

• Based on personal taste or practices and morality • It attempts to prove that some things are more or less desirable than others.

• Vague, ambiguous, or incomplete statements that can also be factual declarations when proven.

• a statement expressing one’s feelings or personal judgment • It may vary depending on one’s POV

• Statements that are contradicted by relevant evidence

▪ Can be proven by observation ▪ Found in encyclopedias and trusted internet sites ▪ Imposed by scientists and theorists Example:

- is an aspect of the organization that is immediately apparent to the reader. It is seen in how the text physically appears like headings and subheadings, bullet points or font emphasis.

▪ Makes use of various operations in Math to prove a statement ▪ Use of formula, number, & statistics ▪ Are verified by consistency with the rules of a symbol system

▪ These are supported by laws, local and international and ideally give order. ▪ Present situations call reasonable minds easily go over issues and events.

are textual cues that readers can use to follow a text. They can “signal” the transition from one point to another, the ordering of events and concepts, or the writer’s chosen text type (e.g., linear narration, question and answer).

- The structure provides the framework upon which the text is organized. It consists of the following: Beginning: introduction, thesis statement, hook, Middle: Supporting details End: conclusion, summary, final message.

( is the branch of philosophy that deals with the first principles of things, including abstract concepts such as being, knowing, substance, cause, identity, time, and space.) ▪ verified by revelatory evidence or self-evidence. ▪ assumed to be true without external evidence.