Visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an

is used for biopsy, surgery, aspirating fluids, and coagulating bleeding areas.

A camera and video recorder are commonly used during the procedure to provide a permanent record.

endo

scopy

Visual examination of the organs of the pelvis and abdomen through very small incisions in the abdominal wall

lapar

Examination of the lungs, pleura, and pleural space with a scope inserted through a small incision between the ribs

is an endoscopic procedure usually performed for lung biopsy, repairing perforations in the lungs, and diagnosing pleural disease.

thorac/o

Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles; formerly called

the computer generates a detailed cross-sectional image that appears as a slice.

Tumor masses, bone displacement, and accumulations of fluid may be detected. During a period of two held breaths, as many as 50 continuous tomographic images can be produced in a single-slice mode. This technique may be used with or without Tumor masses, bone displacement, and accumulations of fluid may be detected.

This technique may be used with or without a contrast medium.

tom/o

graphy

Ultrasound technique used to detect and measure blood-flow velocity and direction through the cardiac chambers, valves, and peripheral vessels by reflecting sound waves off of moving blood cells

is used to identify irregularities in blood flow through the heart and its valves as well as peripheral vascular problems, such as blood clots, venous insufficiency, and arterial blockage.

Radiographic technique in which x-rays are directed through the body to a fluorescent screen that displays continuous imaging of the motion of internal structures and immediate serial images

is used to view the motion of organs, such as the digestive trad and heart, and joints or for intervascular placement of catheters or other

fluor/o

Noninvasive imaging technique that uses radio waves and a strong magnetic field rather than an x-ray beam to produce multiplanar cross-sectional images

is the method of choice for diagnosing a growing number of diseases because it provides superior soft tissue contrast, allows multiple plane views, and avoids the haards of ionizing radiation.

commonly proves superior to CT scan for most central nervous system images, particularly those of the brainstem and spinal cord as well as the musculoskeletal and pelvic area. The procedure usually does not require a contrast medium.

Diagnostic technique that uses a radioactive material (radiopharma- ceutical) introduced into the body (inhaled, ingested, or injected) and a scanning device to determine size, shape, location, and func- tion of various organs and structures

is the reverse of a conventional radiograph. Rather than being directed into the body, radiation comes from inside the body and is then deeded by the scanning device to produce an image.

Image produced when an x-ray is passed through the body or area and captured on a film; also called x-ray

dense material, such as bone, abpears white, and softer (lower arm bone on thumb side) material, such as the stomach and liver, abpears in shades of gray.

Scan using computed tomography to record the positrons (positive charged particles) emitted from a radiopharmaceutical, producing a cross-sectional image of metabolic activity in body tissues to deter- mine the presence of disease

is especially useful in scanning the brain and nervous system to diagnose disorders that involve abnormal tissue metabolism, such as schizophrenia, brain tumors, epilepsy, stroke, and Alzheimer disease as well as cardiac and pulmonary disorders.

Noninvasive imaging technique that provides clear, three- dimensional pictures of a major organ by injecting a radionuclide and detecting the emitted radiation using a special device called a

A healthy organ absorbs the radionuclide at a specific rate. Overabsorption (hot spot) or underabsorption (cold spot) may be an indication of pathology:

Radiographic technique that produces an image representing a detailed cross-section or "slice" of an area, tissue, or organ at a prede- termined depth

Types of tomography include computed tomography (CT), positron emission tomography (PET), and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT).

Image produced by high-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) and displaying the reflected "echoes" on a monitor; also called

Representative tissue sample removed from a body site for micro- scopic examination, usually to establish a diagnosis

Removal of a small tissue sample for examination using a hollow needle, usually attached to a syringe

Removal of a small core of tissue using a hollow instrument (punch) An anesthetic and suturing are usually required for a punch biopsy, and mini- mal scarring is expected.

Removal of tissue using a surgical blade to shave elevated lesions

Ultra-thin slice of tissue cut from a frozen specimen for immediate pathological examination

is used for rapid diagnosis of malignancy, while the patient awaits surgery.

removal of a part, pathway, or function by surgery, chemical destruction, electrocautery, freezing, or radiofrequency (RF)

Surgical joining of two ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another

Destroy tissue by electricity, freezing, heat, or corrosive chemicals

Scraping of a body cavity with a spoon-shaped instrument called a

Incision made to allow the free flow or withdrawal of fluids from a wound or cavity

Surgical technique employing a device that emits intense heat and power at close range to cut, burn, vaporize, or destroy tissues

Surgical removal of tissue in an extensive area surrounding the surgi- cal site in an attempt to excise all tissue that may be malignant to decrease the chance of recurrence (such as radical mastectomy)

Partial excision of a bone, organ, or other structure