exam

4回閲覧 • 100問 • 1年前

Anshool Dahale

通報

問題一覧

Which of the following is not a type of study design?

Pilot study

What effect does increasing the sample size have upon the random error?

It reduces the random error

Before initiating the study, the Principal Investigator must ensure that various approvals are obtained. Which of the following approvals is/are absolutely mandatory?

Ethics committee approval

The following statements describe confounding and effect modification. Which of the statement is/are correct?

'a' and 'b' are correct

Which of the following will best describe the scientific inquiry that seeks to understand the acceptability and functionality of a health program?

Implementation research

Which of the following statement is incorrect about a good research question?

Feasibility should not be a criterion while developing research question

All the following are components of 'FINER ' criteria for a research question EXCEPT

Reliable

The following are the steps in framing a research question. I. Review of state-of-art information II.Define measurable exposures & outcomes III. Raise a question IV. Decide worth investigating by peer-review Choose the correct sequence of framing a research question from below.

I, III, IV, II

The process of refining the "ideas" into research questions begins with general uncertainty about a health issue and narrow down to a specific, concrete researchable issue

True

As per the following objectives a hypothesis should be stated for which study?

To determine the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with respiratory infectious disease morbidity and mortality in infants

The ability to apply the principles of analysis to identify those studies which are unbiased and valid is called as

Critical appraisal

Which of the following is unethical while writing a Literature Review?

It is not necessary to address the weakness of the study in a scholarly manner

All the following about literature review is correct EXCEPT

It helps the researcher in arriving the conclusion of a study

Literature searches are important to do at the start of a project; and do not need to continue throughout the project.

False

Which of the following about MeSH is incorrect?

MeSH is used for EMBASE database

In a study among 3400 children aged 5-10 years, 16 children were diagnosed with autistic disorder. Calculate the prevalence of autism per 1000 children

4.71

What is the appropriate epidemiologic measure to determine the severity of an acute disease?

Case fatality ratio

When measuring the frequency for an acute infectious disease in a community in terms of incidence per 1000 persons per year and point prevalence per 1000 persons, how will the pattern of incidence and prevalence be?

Low prevalence and high incidence

This measure reflects the impact of a disease on population in terms of death

Disease specific mortality

Which of the following is true about incidence density?

Numerator has number of new cases

Which one of the following is useful to measure the burden or magnitude of a disease or risk factor?

Cross-sectional study

In a tertiary care hospital, a surgeon collected information on quality of life and outcome among a small group of (about 15) post-operative patients after using a novel surgical device. But this is not sufficient to establish the efficacy of the surgical device because

There is no comparison group

If a researcher wishes to estimate the incidence of Myocardial infarction cases among a group of women using oral contraceptive pills followed up for 10 year, the researcher has to carry out

Cohort study

A researcher can assess the following by conducting a descriptive study EXCEPT

Risk factors of the disease

Which of the following is wrong about descriptive study designs?

Compare the study outcomes for 2 group

What is an appropriate measure of statistical association in a cohort study?

Risk ratio

If the odds of exposure among cases is lower than the odds of exposure among the controls, the odds ratio will be

Less than 1

Relative risk of more than 1 indicates

Incidence in exposed is higher than unexposed

Which of the following is NOT true regarding casecontrol study? i. Appropriate for study of rare outcome ii. More time consuming than cohort study iii. Multiple exposures can be examined iv. Relatively expensive compared to cohort study

Both (ii) and (iv)

Cohort study is suitable for rare diseases

False

Which of the following is incorrect in case of a clinical trial?

All clinical trials must be blinded

All the following correctly describe a clinical trial, EXCEPT-

Loss to follow up of study participants does not affect the study outcome

In a clinical trial, what is the main purpose of randomization?

To get groups with comparable baseline characteristics

The purpose of a double-blinding in a clinical trial is to

Avoid observer and participant bias

A pharmacologically inactive agent that investigators administer to participants in the control group of a trial

Placebo

All are true regarding measures to reduce information bias, EXCEPT

Adequate sample size

Systematic distortion of the truth by study subjects is called as

Prevarication

Biases can occur during which stage of research study?

At any of the above stages

Better recall of exposure only among the cases in a case control study can result in

Information bias

Crude association in the presence of a confounder is the actual causal association

False

Which methods in qualitative research use flexible interview guide?

Focus Group Discussions and In-depth interviews

The qualitative data analysis method which uses theoretical framework as the basis for analysis

Content analysis

Which of the following statement is true regarding Participant Observation

Observer becomes a part of the event/group

Which of the following statement is “False” about focus group discussion.

Heterogeneity of the group is a pre-requisite

The main methods used in qualitative research method include all EXCEPT

Structured questionnaire-based interviews

Find the median in the following sample of observations: 12, 26, 10, 29, 48

A researcher measures fasting blood level of glucose of 100 participants. The mean blood sugar level was measured as 110 mg/dl. The standard deviation was 11 mg/dl. Calculate the coefficient of variance.

10%

Which of the following is true about inter-quartile range?

It covers the middle 50% of observations

In a study, researchers are interested in measuring the cholesterol levels of participants. Cholesterol level is a ________ variable

Continuous

In a study, a researcher was interested in measuring the haemoglobin levels of 10 participants. The values are 10.0, 8.5, 12.0, 14.0, 11.5, 13.5, 9.0, 12.0, 11.3, 7.5. What is the mode of this distribution?

12.0

The following statement is correct regarding sampling error

The magnitude of error can be measured in probability samples

Which of the following is true about non-probability sampling?

Quota sampling is a type of non-probability sampling

The magnitude of sampling error can be measured in probability sampling.

True

People who volunteer or who can be easily recruited are used in a sampling method called

Convenience sampling

The list of all individuals in the study population from whom study participants in a research are to be selected is known as

Sampling frame

The recommended minimum level of power for an analytical study

80%

All the following are essential statistical considerations for sample size calculation EXCEPT

Allocated budget

A researcher wants to estimate the prevalence of surgical site infection following cesarean section at a tertiary care hospital. What would be the minimum number of sample size to estimate the magnitude of surgical site infection following cesarean section if it is estimated that the proportion of surgical site infection will be 10% in the hospital considering 5% absolute precision and 95% confidence level (Z α/2 = 1.96).

138

The power of a study

Can be defined as the probability of correctly rejecting null hypothesis when it is false

Population variance can be estimated from

a' and 'b'

External validity means

The degree to which the inferences drawn from a study can be generalized to a broader population beyond the study population

The population defined by clinical and demographic characteristics is called

Target population

Which factor is important to consider while choosing the accessible population and the sampling approach?

Feasibility

The degree to which the observed findings lead to correct inferences about phenomena of interest in the study sample is

Internal validity

Random errors can be effectively handled by

Adequate sample size

Which of the following can be considered true in case of ad hoc approach to conduct a research study?

Only 'a'

Study conducted following an ad hoc approach may lead to the following consequences

Serious interpretation difficulties in analysis and interpretation

Smart objectives are goals that are designed to be be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timebound. Which of the following is an illustration of nonmeasurable objective?

Experiences shared by victims of domestic violence

A study began in 1980 with enrollment of a group of 7000 adults in Pondicherry who were asked about their alcohol consumption, smoking, diet, environmental risk factors etc. All the participants were periodically examined and evaluated for evidence of various types of cancers between 1990-1995. Which of the following study designs was used by the investigators?

Prospective cohort study

Indicators are considered positive when they have a direct relationship (association, correlation) with the state of health. Which of the following are the examples of positive indicators? a) The proportion of cured tuberculosis cases b) Incidence of AIDS c) Life expectancy at birth

a' and 'c

The interviewer does not provide options for responses in

Open-ended questions

The information about participant's attitudes for behaviors such as wearing helmets, washing hands before eating, constitute

Judgments

An investigator wanted to study the clinical profile of patients presented with foreign body in nose, attended in the emergency department in the last 2 years in a hospital. Which of the following is the most suitable way to collect data?

Review of records

Which of the following is correct in relation to an open question?

Stimulate memory

Order of a question should be all, EXCEPT-

From intimate to casual

This should not be done in data collection

Manipulation of data

Who is mainly responsible to check the accuracy of data collection instruments before leaving the location?

Field supervisor

Which one of the following is the proper way of validating the data?

Repetition of data collection in a randomly selected subset in the same population

All the following statements are true about training of the data collectors, except-

Onsite training is not essential for data collectors

Supportive supervision is essential for a good data collection process

True

In a data management system, each row represents a

Record

A researcher in diabetes expected that that the fasting blood sugar levels may take any value between 50 and 150 gm/dL. In this research any coding of missing value as 99 may lead to an erroneous result.

True

Which of the following is incorrect about normalized database?

c) Normalized database does not facilitate further data aggregation

A post-graduate researcher has completed the data collection for her thesis. During data management, she should do all the following, EXCEPT-

Applying for the ethics committee clearance

While documenting the storage information of the database, we need to document

Media, location and backup information

In analytical stage of data analysis, we perform the following in order

Univariate analysis, stratified analysis and multivariate analysis

Among the seven steps of data analysis strategy, the sequence of data analysis is as follows (A) Conduct advanced analysis (B) Identify main variables (C) Become familiar with the data (D) Identify study type (E) Examine outcome/exposure association (F) Characterize study population (G) Create additional two-way tables

D, B, C, F, E, G, A

If we are doing an analytical study and the study outcome is of acute nature and a frequent condition what is the appropriate (i) study design and (ii) measure of association?

Cohort study - relative risk

In case of descriptive studies, which of the following is wrong?

We compare the study outcome for 2 groups

Multivariate regression models are used during the descriptive stage of analysis

False

As part of evaluation of a new vaccine which requires taking a daily oral dose of a refrigerated vaccine, the research team offers to provide a refrigerator to families of participants who don’t have one. Which of the following ethical issues the Institutional Ethics Committee will have to deal with while reviewing the research study?

Undue inducement

Which of the following is not true about an Informed Consent?

IC taken by coercion is considered valid

In the middle of a clinical trial, one participant decides to withdraw from the trial. But, the investigator pressurizes the participant to continue in the study till it completes. Which of the following ethical principles does the investigator violate?

Autonomy

While conducting research among tribal populations, which of the following is recommended?

Consent from the tribal head (Group consent) is desirable

Do no harm" concept was emphasized in which of the following ethical principles?

Non-Maleficence

In which of the following guidelines, discussion on rationale and justification of risk benefit analysis of research and voluntary consent in research was initiated?

Nuremberg code

In which type of the following study/studies is (are) informed consent not necessary?

Analysis of mortality data of 2001-2010

Which of the following statements regarding document storage and archival after the conclusion of a trial; is correct?

Archival for a period of 5 - 15 years as per the requirement of the sponsor may be necessary

Which of the following is NOT a method for identifying and preventing potential harm to study participants?

Close watch on enrolment targets

100

Bodies like Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) and Health Ministry Screening Committee (HMSC) are concerned with the following

Regulatory review

exam 2

Anshool Dahale · 20問 · 1年前

exam 2

20問 • 1年前

Anshool Dahale

問題一覧

Which of the following is not a type of study design?

Pilot study

What effect does increasing the sample size have upon the random error?

It reduces the random error

Before initiating the study, the Principal Investigator must ensure that various approvals are obtained. Which of the following approvals is/are absolutely mandatory?

Ethics committee approval

The following statements describe confounding and effect modification. Which of the statement is/are correct?

'a' and 'b' are correct

Which of the following will best describe the scientific inquiry that seeks to understand the acceptability and functionality of a health program?

Implementation research

Which of the following statement is incorrect about a good research question?

Feasibility should not be a criterion while developing research question

All the following are components of 'FINER ' criteria for a research question EXCEPT

Reliable

I, III, IV, II

The process of refining the "ideas" into research questions begins with general uncertainty about a health issue and narrow down to a specific, concrete researchable issue

True

As per the following objectives a hypothesis should be stated for which study?

To determine the association of maternal smoking during pregnancy with respiratory infectious disease morbidity and mortality in infants

The ability to apply the principles of analysis to identify those studies which are unbiased and valid is called as

Critical appraisal

Which of the following is unethical while writing a Literature Review?

It is not necessary to address the weakness of the study in a scholarly manner

All the following about literature review is correct EXCEPT

It helps the researcher in arriving the conclusion of a study

Literature searches are important to do at the start of a project; and do not need to continue throughout the project.

False

Which of the following about MeSH is incorrect?

MeSH is used for EMBASE database

In a study among 3400 children aged 5-10 years, 16 children were diagnosed with autistic disorder. Calculate the prevalence of autism per 1000 children

4.71

What is the appropriate epidemiologic measure to determine the severity of an acute disease?

Case fatality ratio

Low prevalence and high incidence

This measure reflects the impact of a disease on population in terms of death

Disease specific mortality

Which of the following is true about incidence density?

Numerator has number of new cases

Which one of the following is useful to measure the burden or magnitude of a disease or risk factor?

Cross-sectional study

There is no comparison group

If a researcher wishes to estimate the incidence of Myocardial infarction cases among a group of women using oral contraceptive pills followed up for 10 year, the researcher has to carry out

Cohort study

A researcher can assess the following by conducting a descriptive study EXCEPT

Risk factors of the disease

Which of the following is wrong about descriptive study designs?

Compare the study outcomes for 2 group

What is an appropriate measure of statistical association in a cohort study?

Risk ratio

If the odds of exposure among cases is lower than the odds of exposure among the controls, the odds ratio will be

Less than 1

Relative risk of more than 1 indicates

Incidence in exposed is higher than unexposed

Both (ii) and (iv)

Cohort study is suitable for rare diseases

False

Which of the following is incorrect in case of a clinical trial?

All clinical trials must be blinded

All the following correctly describe a clinical trial, EXCEPT-

Loss to follow up of study participants does not affect the study outcome

In a clinical trial, what is the main purpose of randomization?

To get groups with comparable baseline characteristics

The purpose of a double-blinding in a clinical trial is to

Avoid observer and participant bias

A pharmacologically inactive agent that investigators administer to participants in the control group of a trial

Placebo

All are true regarding measures to reduce information bias, EXCEPT

Adequate sample size

Systematic distortion of the truth by study subjects is called as

Prevarication

Biases can occur during which stage of research study?

At any of the above stages

Better recall of exposure only among the cases in a case control study can result in

Information bias

Crude association in the presence of a confounder is the actual causal association

False

Which methods in qualitative research use flexible interview guide?

Focus Group Discussions and In-depth interviews

The qualitative data analysis method which uses theoretical framework as the basis for analysis

Content analysis

Which of the following statement is true regarding Participant Observation

Observer becomes a part of the event/group

Which of the following statement is “False” about focus group discussion.

Heterogeneity of the group is a pre-requisite

The main methods used in qualitative research method include all EXCEPT

Structured questionnaire-based interviews

Find the median in the following sample of observations: 12, 26, 10, 29, 48

10%

Which of the following is true about inter-quartile range?

It covers the middle 50% of observations

In a study, researchers are interested in measuring the cholesterol levels of participants. Cholesterol level is a ________ variable

Continuous

12.0

The following statement is correct regarding sampling error

The magnitude of error can be measured in probability samples

Which of the following is true about non-probability sampling?

Quota sampling is a type of non-probability sampling

The magnitude of sampling error can be measured in probability sampling.

True

People who volunteer or who can be easily recruited are used in a sampling method called

Convenience sampling

The list of all individuals in the study population from whom study participants in a research are to be selected is known as

Sampling frame

The recommended minimum level of power for an analytical study

80%

All the following are essential statistical considerations for sample size calculation EXCEPT

Allocated budget

138

The power of a study

Can be defined as the probability of correctly rejecting null hypothesis when it is false

Population variance can be estimated from

a' and 'b'

External validity means

The degree to which the inferences drawn from a study can be generalized to a broader population beyond the study population

The population defined by clinical and demographic characteristics is called

Target population

Which factor is important to consider while choosing the accessible population and the sampling approach?

Feasibility

The degree to which the observed findings lead to correct inferences about phenomena of interest in the study sample is

Internal validity

Random errors can be effectively handled by

Adequate sample size

Which of the following can be considered true in case of ad hoc approach to conduct a research study?

Only 'a'

Study conducted following an ad hoc approach may lead to the following consequences

Serious interpretation difficulties in analysis and interpretation

Smart objectives are goals that are designed to be be specific, measurable, achievable, relevant and timebound. Which of the following is an illustration of nonmeasurable objective?

Experiences shared by victims of domestic violence

Prospective cohort study

a' and 'c

The interviewer does not provide options for responses in

Open-ended questions

The information about participant's attitudes for behaviors such as wearing helmets, washing hands before eating, constitute

Judgments

Review of records

Which of the following is correct in relation to an open question?

Stimulate memory

Order of a question should be all, EXCEPT-

From intimate to casual

This should not be done in data collection

Manipulation of data

Who is mainly responsible to check the accuracy of data collection instruments before leaving the location?

Field supervisor

Which one of the following is the proper way of validating the data?

Repetition of data collection in a randomly selected subset in the same population

All the following statements are true about training of the data collectors, except-

Onsite training is not essential for data collectors

Supportive supervision is essential for a good data collection process

True

In a data management system, each row represents a

Record

True

Which of the following is incorrect about normalized database?

c) Normalized database does not facilitate further data aggregation

A post-graduate researcher has completed the data collection for her thesis. During data management, she should do all the following, EXCEPT-

Applying for the ethics committee clearance

While documenting the storage information of the database, we need to document

Media, location and backup information

In analytical stage of data analysis, we perform the following in order

Univariate analysis, stratified analysis and multivariate analysis

D, B, C, F, E, G, A

If we are doing an analytical study and the study outcome is of acute nature and a frequent condition what is the appropriate (i) study design and (ii) measure of association?

Cohort study - relative risk

In case of descriptive studies, which of the following is wrong?

We compare the study outcome for 2 groups

Multivariate regression models are used during the descriptive stage of analysis

False

Undue inducement

Which of the following is not true about an Informed Consent?

IC taken by coercion is considered valid

Autonomy

While conducting research among tribal populations, which of the following is recommended?

Consent from the tribal head (Group consent) is desirable

Do no harm" concept was emphasized in which of the following ethical principles?

Non-Maleficence

In which of the following guidelines, discussion on rationale and justification of risk benefit analysis of research and voluntary consent in research was initiated?

Nuremberg code

In which type of the following study/studies is (are) informed consent not necessary?

Analysis of mortality data of 2001-2010

Which of the following statements regarding document storage and archival after the conclusion of a trial; is correct?

Archival for a period of 5 - 15 years as per the requirement of the sponsor may be necessary

Which of the following is NOT a method for identifying and preventing potential harm to study participants?

Close watch on enrolment targets

100

Bodies like Drug Controller General of India (DCGI) and Health Ministry Screening Committee (HMSC) are concerned with the following

Regulatory review