The — is the preliminary solid material that makes up the soil.

It is approximately 2-10 inches thick and is called the ZONE OF ELUVIATION, where minerals are leached down the soil profile due to water infiltration.

It is a semi-renewable type of resource because it is sustainable and can naturally be created by a significant amount of decomposed organic material.

refers to the location of the soil that influences the soil formation process.

It is composed of the parent material underneath (bedrock) that has undergone various stages of weathering. It generally lacks the properties of O. A. and B horizons because it is less influenced by soil formation.

The — is commonly referred to as the zone of parent material or substratum.

It is typically BROWNISH OR REDDISH in color because of the presence of iron hydroxides that leached from the surface.

The — of the soil is greatly influenced by the PHYSICAL AND METABOLIC ACTIVITY of animals and microorganisms. — influences the ACIDITY AND HUMUS content of the soil. Human activities such as construction, agriculture, or irrigation alto affect soil formation.

such as animal inhabitants, vegetation, and human population greatly affect the process of soil formation.

The materials lost are then eininted carried downwardi and are illeviated tdeposited to another layer by the percolating water.

Processes such as soil formation and earthquakes affect the —, which then affects the soil formation.

With the help of plants and other organisms, the soill starts to take SHAPE ON ITS OWN through the process of —, with a more improved water-retention capacity and nutrient composition

SOIL HORIZON

The — is a light-colored layer usually present in forest areas.

The evolution of soil is greatly influenced by this factor.

The — is commonly referred as the "ZONE OF ACCUMULATION" or "ILLUVIATION ZONE" because of the buildup of fine materials and mineral precipitates such as clay, carbonates, gypsum, and iron.

— refers to the removal of soluble components from the top layer of the snil.

refers to the weather that generally affects the transformation of the soil over a long period of time. It directly affects soil formation via rainfall (water), frost, and temperature theat from the sun).

However, this is found only in OLDER AND WELL-DEVELOPED SOILS, and it usually gets RELOCATED to other horizons water infiltrates the soil and wash up this layer.

It is a dark-colored layer due to the presence of humus.

It consists of factors such as the geological structure, the elevation of the sea level, the slope, and the configuration.

Soil is frequently called the "—" because it generally affects every part of the ecosystem. Varieties of organisms are found in the soil, including plants, rodents, earthworms. and microorganisms such as fungi, bacteria, and protozoans.

The — consists of layers running parallel to the surface. These layers are called the —

refers to the new minerals, organic matter, and decomposing materials ADDED TO THE TOP LAYER of the soil through wind, water, or ice, which have accumulated over a period of time.

Thus, the physical and chemical compositions of the newly accumulated materials and the parent material are altered

It is a thin layer formed on top of Earth's surface, known as the —.

The accumulated materials are then carried away from the upper layer of the soil and are DEPOSITED in the LOWER HORIZONS.

The — is often referred to as the root zone or the topsoil.

It is the ZONE OF GREATEST ELUVIATION because the soil materials are leached from the and A horizons.

It generally occurs between A and B horizons. Note that in some soil profiles, the — is not used in the zonation process.

refers to the chemical, physical, or biological breakdown of rocks and minerals at Earth's surface.

is composed of aggregates of loose weathered rock and organic materials.

It typically occurs in UNDISTURBED SOIL with lots of vegetative cover, such as a forest. It is usually BLACK OR DARK BROWN in color due to its high organic content.

also affects the humus content within the soil horizons.

—, also called —, refers to the process of soil evolution under various biological, chemical, physical, climatic, and geologic factors.

The soil takes a long time to form in — regions than in wet and warmer regions.

The — is the succession of layers within a soil profile, which can be a few millimeters thin or a meter thick.

refers to the chemical breakdown of soil particles into degradation-resistant organic matter.

refers to the amount of time it took for the soil to develop.

It is approximately 0-2 inches in depth and undergoes intense biological activity.

The — is the thin, topmost layer that contains accumulated organic materials.

refers to the sequence of VERTICAL SECTIONS from the surface down to the underlying bedrock.