The study of the internal structure of plants

Study of the physical/external structure of plants

Father of botany and the first real botanist

anatomy of plants and classifies them into stature (trees, shrubs, herbs), medicinal use

propagation and growth of plants, economical use

Discovered cells in living plant tissue (in cork using a microscope)

Published MICROGRAPHIA in 1665

Malpighian tubule system -> excretion system of insects

Father of plant anatomy Grew and Malpighi found plant anatomy

Plant functions

Flemish physician and chemist, who was the first to demonstrate that plants do not have the same nutritional needs as animals.

Discovered photosynthetic activity

He discovered that gases play a role in photosynthesis (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

Science of developing methods for grouping

Study that identifies, describes, names and classifies plants Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species

1st person to formulate and adhere to a uniform system for defining and naming plants and animals 1735, The system of nature (System Naturae) 1753, The Genera of plants and Species Plantarum, initial used of the nomenclature for flowering plants and ferns 1758, application of nomenclature to animals

The study of the interaction of plants with one another and with their environment

Coined the word “ecology”

Study of the traditional knowledge and customs of a people concerning plants and their medicinal, religious and other uses

Coined the term “ethnobotany”

author of a 5-volume encyclopedia about herbal medicine (pharmacopeia)

used to catalog about the medicinal use of 600 plants in the Mediterranean

Name means “the Divine Farmer” and father of chinese agriculture. Taught his people how to cultivate grain as food

Yellow emperor/Founder of Chinese civilization Classic of internal medicine is important for understanding Chinese herbal science, acupuncture, moxibustion Yin and Yang, the Five Phases of Evolutive Change, and Meridian theory.

German toxicologist, first to study psychoactive plants systematically German toxicologist, first to study psychoactive plants systematically

Phantastica (InExEuHyPh)

Study of geographic distribution of plant species and their influence on the earth’s surface

“Father of Phytogeography” Advocated a quantitative approach to phytogeography that has characterized modern plant geography (altitude, temperature, longitude,...)

Study of heredity

Study of genes and function

Founder of genetics

The process of evolution drives the diversity

Biological systems utilize free energy and molecular building blocks to grow, to reproduce, and to maintain dynamic hemeostatis

Living systems store, retrieve, transmit, and respond to information essential to life processes

Biological systems interact, and these systems and their interactions possess complex properties

A British naturalist proposed the theory of biological evolution by natural selection He defined evolution as “descent with modification” Suggested a mechanism for evolution.

Darwin’s concept of natural selection was based on several key observations:

the adjustment or changes in behavior, physiology, and structure of an organism to become more suited to an environment Plants have adaptations to help them survive (live and grow) in different areas.

Terrestrial biotic communities considered on a global scale or on a continental scale Important biomes occupy the North American continent Each has a characteristic mix of plants and animals adapted to that region’s environment.

major influence determining the composition of a biome

Very dry and often hot Rain often comes all at the same time. The rest of the year is very dry. Lots of direct sunlight shining on the plants. Soil is often sandy or rocky and unable to hold much water. Winds are often strong, and dry out plants. Plants are exposed to extreme temperatures and drought conditions. Plants must cope with extensive water loss.

Some plants, called succulents Some plants have no leaves or small seasonal leaves that only grow after it rains. Long root systems spread out wide or go deep into the ground to absorb water. Some plants have a short life cycle, germinating in response to rain,growing, flowering, and dying within one year. Leaves with hair or spine Waxy coating on stems and leaves. Flowers that open at night lure pollinators who are more likely to be active during the cooler night. Slower growing requires less energy.

Called prairie, it features hot summers and cold winters. Rainfall is uncertain and drought is common. The soil is extremely rich in organic material due to the fact that the above-ground portions of grasses die off annually, enriching the soil. The area is well-suited to agriculture, and few original prairies survive today.

During a fire The root portions survive to sprout again Some prairie trees have thick bark Prairie shrubs readily resprout after fire Roots of prairie grasses extend deep into the ground Extensive root systems - prevent animals from pulling them Prairie grasses have narrow leaves - loss water more Grasses grow from near their base, not from tip Grasses are wind pollinated Soft stems - bend

The temperate rainforest features minimal seasonal fluctuation of temperature: the winters are mild and the summers cool. Condensation from coastal fogs also adds to the dampness. The soil is poor in nutrients. A nurse log is a fallen tree which, as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings.

Epiphytes such as mosses and ferns grow atop other plants to reach light. Cool temperatures lead to slow decomposition but seedlings grow on “nurse logs” to take advantage of the nutrients from the decomposing fallen logs. Trees can grow very tall due to the amount of precipitation.

Also known as boreal forests The taiga is dominated by conifers and most of which are evergreen The taiga has cold winters and warm summers

Many trees are evergreen Many trees have needle-like leaves which shape loses less water and sheds snow more easily than broad leaves Waxy coating on needles to prevent evaporation Needles are dark in color allowing more solar heat to be absorbed Many trees have branches that droop downward to help shed excess snow to keep the branches from breaking

Cold year-round–it has short cool summers and long, severe winters. Has a permanently frozen sublayer of soil called permafrost. Drainage is poor due to the permafrost and because of the cold, evaporation is slow. The tundra receives little precipitation and is usually in the form of snow or ice There is a little diversity of species. Plant life is dominated by mosses, grasses, and sedge

Temperature varies from hot in the summer to below-freezing in the winter. Rain is plentiful Made up of layers of plants The tallest trees make up the forest canopy. Beneath the canopy, the understory Below the understory is a shrub layer. Carpeting the forest floor is the herb layer made up of wildflowers, mosses, and ferns. Fallen leaves, twigs, and dried plants cover the ground, decompose, and help add nutrients to the topsoil

Wildflowers grow on forest floor early in the spring before trees leaf-out and shade the forest floor Many trees are deciduous Most deciduous trees have thin, broad, lightweight leaves When the weather gets cooler, the broad leaves cause too much water loss and can be weighed down by too much snow Trees have thick bark to protect against cold winters

occupy much of the Pacific Northwest and extend south along Rocky Mountains and California Mountain ranges coniferous tree species tend to be inzones determined by altitude

Is hot and it rains a lot Abundance of water problems: Harm to plants due to growth of bacteria and fungi. Risk of flooding. Soil erosion and rapid loss of nutrients from the soil. Rapid growth of plants. The tropical rainforest is very thick, and not much sunlight is able to penetrate to the forest floor.

constitute nearly half of all forest land and contain more species of plants and animals than all the other biomes combined Drip tips and waxy surfaces - water run off Buttresses and prop and stilt roots - help hold up plants Some plants climb on others plants Flowers on the forest floor are designed to lure animal pollinators due to no wind Smooth bark and smooth or waxy flowers speed the run off of water Plants have shallow roots - capture nutrients Many bromeliads are epiphytes (plants that live on other plants); Epiphytic or orchids have aerial roots

has limited rainfall and fairly constant temperatures rolling grassland with isolated shrubs and trees

shrubland with infrequent fires plants here are locally adapted to their unique environment

Underwater leaves and stems are flexible Some plants have air spaces in their stems Submerged plants absorb water, nutrients and dissolved gases through the leaves directly from the water. Roots and root hairs reduced or absent Some plants have leaves that floats atop the water In floating plants chlorophyll is restricted to upper surface of leaves (part that the sunlight will hit) Some plants produce seeds that can float