問題一覧
1
Opinion
1. Perspective, 2. Belief, 3. No supporting data, 4. Start argument/debatable, 5. Unpredictable, 6. False/True data, 7. Claim
2
Truth
1. Heart of inquiry, 2. Scientific reason, 3. Supporting Statement, 4. Basis, 5. Proven to be valid, 6. Base on facts, Emperical study
3
Belief
1. From ancestors, 2. Statement express conviction, 3. Views/experiences, 4. Cannot be explained by fact
4
Heart of inquiry
Truth
5
Heart of philosophy
Truth
6
Philosophers seek _____
Truth
7
Depends on majority
Truth
8
Could be true or false
Claim
9
Proven through action
Personal domain
10
Gives explanation to conclusion
Argument
11
Studied empirically
Theoritical knowledge
12
Explanation in argument
Premise
13
3 Domain of truth
1. Objective, 2. Social, 3. Personal
14
Objective
1. Fact, 2. Theoritical knowledge
15
Social
1. Common/agree by everybody, 2. Established overtime
16
Personal
1. Consistency, 2. Authenticity
17
Ways to determine the truthfulness of the claims
1. Use of senses, 2. Based on facts, 3. Consensus, 4. Prove through action, 5. Subject to test
18
Different Fallacies
1. Ad hominem, 2. Appeal to force, 3. Appeal to emotion, 4. Appeal to the popular, 5. Appeal to tradition, 6. Begging the question, 7. Cause and effect, 8. Fallacy of composition, 9. Fallacy of division
19
Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of argument itself
Ad hominem characteristic
20
Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument
Appeal to force charateristics
21
Using emotions such as pity or sympathy
Appeal to emotion characteristics
22
The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it
Appeal to the popular characteristics
23
The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time
Appeal to tradition
24
Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as "circular argument"
Begging the question
25
Assuming a "cause and effect" relationship between unrelated events
Cause and effect
26
Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole
Fallacy of composition
27
Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts
Fallacy of division
28
"Of course he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and a communists!"
Ad hominem fallacy example
29
"If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but to go to war"
Appeal to force fallacy example
30
"All these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment - can't you see how this is affecting my family?"
Appeal to emotion fallacy example
31
"Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one!"
Appeal to the popular fallacy example
32
"Marriage should be between a man and a woman. It has been so for a long time in this country; it should remain so today and in the future."
Appeal to tradition fallacy example
33
"I have a right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from talking."
Begging the question fallacy example
34
"Ever since you brought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it."
Cause and effect fallacy example
35
"These cases of robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals."
Fallacy of composition example
36
"You come from a family of doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course!"
Fallacy of division example
37
Often take the form of statements that are either claim of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable
Arguments
38
A number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called _____
Fallacies
39
It is a judgement based on certain facts
Conclusion
40
These are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts
Beliefs
41
These are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true
Explanations
42
These are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or the listener that a claim or opinion is truthful
Arguments
43
These statements go beyond providing facts. They also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations
Opinions
44
Philosophers often grapple with the concept of _____
Truth
45
Philosophers consider truth as a ______
Kind of quality or value
46
Statements about the world or reality are called _____
Propositions
47
It is the clear awareness and understanding of something
Knowledge
48
Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are considered _____
Facts
49
It is the branch of Philosphy that focuses on the analysis of arguments
Logic
50
Personal views of the person presenting it
Bias
51
Different bias
1. Correspondence bias or attribution effect, 2. Confirmation bias, 3. Faraming bias, 4. Hindsight bias, 5. Conflict of interest bias, 6. Cultural bias
52
Tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences
Correspondence bias
53
Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it
Confirmation bias
54
Focusing on certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects
Framing bias
55
The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events
Hindsight bias
56
A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed
Conflict of interest bias
57
Analyzing an event or issue based on one's cultural standards
Cultural bias
58
These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!
Correspondence bias example
59
How can I accept his views that there is no God? I am a Christian!
Confirmation bias example
60
Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error
Framing bias example
61
Magellan's assault on Mactan Island was a foolhardly venture, made by an overconfident, careless man who underestimated the valor of the native Filipinos.
Hindsight bias example
62
As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices
Conflict of interest bias example
63
I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in retirement homes. We Filipinos take care of our family members
Cultural bias example