LESSON 2 WEEK 1

63問 • 2年前

問題一覧

Opinion

1. Perspective, 2. Belief, 3. No supporting data, 4. Start argument/debatable, 5. Unpredictable, 6. False/True data, 7. Claim

Truth

1. Heart of inquiry, 2. Scientific reason, 3. Supporting Statement, 4. Basis, 5. Proven to be valid, 6. Base on facts, Emperical study

Belief

1. From ancestors, 2. Statement express conviction, 3. Views/experiences, 4. Cannot be explained by fact

Heart of inquiry

Truth

Heart of philosophy

Truth

Philosophers seek _____

Truth

Depends on majority

Truth

Could be true or false

Claim

Proven through action

Personal domain

Gives explanation to conclusion

Argument

Studied empirically

Theoritical knowledge

Explanation in argument

Premise

3 Domain of truth

1. Objective, 2. Social, 3. Personal

Objective

1. Fact, 2. Theoritical knowledge

Social

1. Common/agree by everybody, 2. Established overtime

Personal

1. Consistency, 2. Authenticity

Ways to determine the truthfulness of the claims

1. Use of senses, 2. Based on facts, 3. Consensus, 4. Prove through action, 5. Subject to test

Different Fallacies

1. Ad hominem, 2. Appeal to force, 3. Appeal to emotion, 4. Appeal to the popular, 5. Appeal to tradition, 6. Begging the question, 7. Cause and effect, 8. Fallacy of composition, 9. Fallacy of division

Attacking the person presenting the argument instead of argument itself

Ad hominem characteristic

Using the threat of force or an undesirable event to advance an argument

Appeal to force charateristics

Using emotions such as pity or sympathy

Appeal to emotion characteristics

The idea is presented as acceptable because a lot of people accept it

Appeal to the popular characteristics

The idea is acceptable because it has been true for a long time

Appeal to tradition

Assuming the thing or idea to be proven is true; also known as "circular argument"

Begging the question

Assuming a "cause and effect" relationship between unrelated events

Cause and effect

Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole

Fallacy of composition

Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts

Fallacy of division

"Of course he believes that the government is flawed, he is a rebel and a communists!"

Ad hominem fallacy example

"If this peace agreement will not be signed by the government, then we will have no recourse but to go to war"

Appeal to force fallacy example

"All these charges are baseless; this is just plain harassment - can't you see how this is affecting my family?"

Appeal to emotion fallacy example

"Every boy your age already has a girlfriend, you should go find one!"

Appeal to the popular fallacy example

"Marriage should be between a man and a woman. It has been so for a long time in this country; it should remain so today and in the future."

Appeal to tradition fallacy example

"I have a right to free speech, therefore you cannot stop me from talking."

Begging the question fallacy example

"Ever since you brought that sweater, everything has been going wrong in your life. You should get rid of it."

Cause and effect fallacy example

"These cases of robbery in this district have convinced me that the city has become a den of thieves and criminals."

Fallacy of composition example

"You come from a family of doctors and intellectuals! Surely you can do better in this course!"

Fallacy of division example

Often take the form of statements that are either claim of facts and are phrased in such a way that they seem reasonable

Arguments

A number of arguments may be based on faulty reasoning. These kinds of arguments are called _____

Fallacies

It is a judgement based on certain facts

Conclusion

These are statements that express convictions that are not easily and clearly explained by facts

Beliefs

These are statements that assume the claim to be true and provide reasons why the statement is true

Explanations

These are series of statements that provide reasons to convince the reader or the listener that a claim or opinion is truthful

Arguments

These statements go beyond providing facts. They also provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations

Opinions

Philosophers often grapple with the concept of _____

Truth

Philosophers consider truth as a ______

Kind of quality or value

Statements about the world or reality are called _____

Propositions

It is the clear awareness and understanding of something

Knowledge

Propositions or statements which are observed to be real or truthful are considered _____

Facts

It is the branch of Philosphy that focuses on the analysis of arguments

Logic

Personal views of the person presenting it

Bias

Different bias

1. Correspondence bias or attribution effect, 2. Confirmation bias, 3. Faraming bias, 4. Hindsight bias, 5. Conflict of interest bias, 6. Cultural bias

Tendency to judge a person's personality by his or her actions, without regard for external factors or influences

Correspondence bias

Tendency to look for and readily accept information which fits one's own beliefs or views and to reject ideas or views that go against it

Confirmation bias

Focusing on certain aspect of a problem while ignoring other aspects

Framing bias

The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events

Hindsight bias

A person or group is connected to or has a vested interest in the issue being discussed

Conflict of interest bias

Analyzing an event or issue based on one's cultural standards

Cultural bias

These soldiers who fought in the war are all bloodthirsty murderers!

Correspondence bias example

How can I accept his views that there is no God? I am a Christian!

Confirmation bias example

Preliminary evidence has still not pointed out the actual cause of the plane crash, but investigators are currently focusing on the possibility of pilot error

Framing bias example

Magellan's assault on Mactan Island was a foolhardly venture, made by an overconfident, careless man who underestimated the valor of the native Filipinos.

Hindsight bias example

As the daughter of the accused, I believe I have the right to express my opinion on the issue of his alleged corrupt practices

Conflict of interest bias example

I do not agree with this Western practice of placing aged parents in retirement homes. We Filipinos take care of our family members

Cultural bias example

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