is always supported by slab called footing or foundation.

avoid of rise of water building

is then chosen and established to satisfy the workability requirements. Workability, means the ability of the tres concrete to fill all the voids between the steel bars and the forms without necessanly exerting much effort in tamping.

is also referred to as individual or isolated footing.

The use of ------- as drainage structure materially save cost of forms, time and labor costs as well.

easier than volume method

thickness from 15-70cm

beam that is carrying or supporting another beam

such as crushed stone, crushed gravel, sand or natural sand with particles passing on a 5 mm sieve.

is commonly used for fencing materials as substitute to concrete hollow blocks for economic reasons.

first determined at the very first hour of mixing to meet the requirements of strength and durability.

Where the contractor is responsible in establishing the mixture proportion that will achieve the required Strength and workability as specified in the plan.

is either with or without grout, with or without filter backing. Stones intended for rip-raping shall consist of rocks

For coarse aggregate (gravel), the maximum nominal size varies from 40, 20, 14 or 10 mm diame-ter.

banks, culverts, reservoirs, road bridges and many other structures in civil engineering works. Gabions are box shaped containers made of tough woven

mixture of cement, sand and water

are box shaped containers made of tough woven hexagonal netting strengthened by selvedges of heavier wires.

is the most widely used reinforcing materials for almost all types of concrete construction. It is an excellent partner of concrete in resisting both tension and compression stresses.

It is classified as load bearing and non-bearing blocks. Load bearing blocks are those whose thickness ranges from 15 to 20 centimeters and are used to carry load aside from its own weight.

is an artificial stone as a result of mixing cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water.

such as crushed stone, crushed gravel or natural gravel with particles retained on a 5 mm sieve.

defined as a strong horizontal piece of reinforced concrete for spanning and supporting weights.

Aside from the cement mortar for block laying, ------ is another item to consider.

Another way of estimating the quantity of materials for concrete column is by the Linear

is the simplest approach in computing the steel bar reinforcement for CHB with the aid of Table 3-5. The values presented in the

Where the designing engineer specify the mixture proportion. The contractor's responsibility is only to provide a properly mixed concrete containing the right proportions as prescribed in the plan.

most common and convenient way

manufactured from either cement

are blocks intended for walls, partitions, fences, dividers and the like carrying its own weight whose thickness ranges from 7 to 10 centimeters.

much in demand for small and medium drainage construction..

sometimes called aluminous cement or cement fundu. Its chemical composition is different from that of Portland cement for having predominant alumina oxide content of at least 32% by weight. The alumina lime is within the limit of 0.85% to 1.3%.

is the structural reinforcing member that holds or binds together the main reinforcement of a beam or girder to a designed position.

is done in two different ways: by weight or by volume method. The most common and convenient way is by the volume method using the empty plastic bag of cement, or by a measuring box for sand and gravel